“…Both chronic stress and opioid exposure cause structural changes in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) that are thought to drive stress-susceptibility or increased drug intake (Matsubara et al, 1999;Robinson et al, 2002;Spiga et al, 2005;Diana et al, 2006;Christoffel et al, 2011bChristoffel et al, , 2011aPal and Das, 2013;Golden et al, 2013;Guegan et al, 2016;Kobrin et al, 2016;Graziane et al, 2016;Francis et al, 2017;Cahill et al, 2018;Geoffroy et al, 2019;Fox et al, 2020aFox et al, , 2020b. We thus examined the consequences of our combined stress and fentanyl paradigm on genes associated with dendritic remodeling (Nakayama et al, 2000;Negishi and Katoh, 2005;Newey et al, 2005;Chen and Firestein, 2007).…”