Morpho-Physiological Characterization of Glyphosate-Resistant and -Susceptible Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Biotypes of US Midsouth

Abstract

Horseweed is traditionally considered a non-cropland weed. However, populations resistant to glyphosate have eventually become established in no-till agronomic cropping systems. Growth chamber and greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare selected biological and physiological parameters of glyphosate-resistant (GR) and -susceptible (GS) horseweed biotypes from Mississippi with a broader goal of fitness characterization in these biotypes. Vegetative growth parameters (number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weights) were recorded weekly from 5 to 11 wk after emergence and reproductive attributes [days to bolting (production of a flowering stalk) and flowering] and senescence were measured for both GR and GS biotypes under high (24˚C/20˚C) and low (18˚C/12˚C) temperature regimes, both with a 13-h light period. Physiological traits such as net photosynthesis, phenolic content, and cell membrane thermostability, all in the presence and absence of glyphosate, and leaf content of divalent cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ were assayed in the two biotypes under the high temperature regime. All horseweed vegetative growth parameters except root fresh weight were higher in the high temperature regime compared to that in low temperature regime in both biotypes. Number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weight were 40 vs. 35, 9.3 vs. 8.7 cm, 51 vs. 43 cm 2 , 3.7 vs. 3.2 g, and 3.5 vs. 4.2 g under high and low temperature conditions, respectively, when av-* Corresponding author. V. K. Nandula et al. 48eraged across biotypes and weekly measurements. All growth parameters listed above were higher for the GR biotype compared to the GS biotype. Number of leaves, rosette diameter and area, shoot and root fresh weight were 38 vs. 37, 9.1 vs. 8.9 cm, 50.2 vs. 44 cm 2 , 3.9 vs. 3.1 g, and 4.3 vs. 3.5 g for GR and GS biotypes, respectively, averaged across the temperature treatments and weekly measurements. Reproductive developmental data of these biotypes indicated that the GS biotype bolted earlier than the GR biotype. The GS biotype had more phenolic content and exhibited higher cell membrane thermostability, but less net photosynthetic rate compared to the GR biotype. At 48 h after treatment with glyphosate, there was no change in phenolic content of both GR and GS biotypes. However, glyphosate reduced cell membrane thermostability and net photosynthetic rate more in the GS biotype than that in the GR biotype. Chemical analysis of GR and GS leaf tissue did not reveal any differences in levels of divalent cations such as Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ . Further studies are needed to determine if some of the differences between the two biotypes observed above relate to fitness variation in a natural environment.

Economic Performance of Rainfed Wheat-Double Crop Systems under Weed Competition

“…The constraint is a terminal condition and implies that the value function is zero in the final period (that is, returns are zero once farming the field ends). Equation 1 was solved using Miranda and Fackler (2004)'s ddpsolve package (Miranda and Fackler, 2004) in MATLAB (R2020a, Update 7; MathWorks Inc., 2020).…”

“…Palmer amaranth biomass was assumed to be 35 g plant −1 (Mahoney et al, 2021). Horseweed biomass was assumed to be 4.3 g plant −1 (Nandula et al, 2015). Weeds m −2 counts were then assigned to L, M, or H states.…”

“…The stationary distribution of transition probability matrix P is some vector π such that P 0 π π. The vector π is constant for all states and implies that, over the longer term, no matter what state of weed pressure the cropping area started in, the proportion of time the cropping area spends in weed pressure state i is approximately π i for all i. Steady-state transition probabilities were solved as a system of linear equations using Miranda and Fackler (2004)'s procedure.…”

Growth, fecundity, and competition between aryloxyphenoxypropionate-resistant and -susceptible Asia Minor bluegrass (Polypogon fugax)

“…There has, however, been no report of any inflorescence variation linked with this mutation in these species. Morphological and structural alternations associated with target site-resistant biotypes have been reported in some weed species (Nandula et al 2015;Tardif et al 2006). To eliminate the possibility of the APP-R and APP-S biotypes belonging to different species, we carried out multigene approaches that use combinations of variable noncoding and relatively conserved coding regions of the plastid genome (Burgess et al 2011; Yu where A 2 = the lower limit, A 1 = the upper limit, p = the slope at the T 50 , and T 50 is the days after transplant when W is 50% of the maximum.…”

Nutrient availability and pH level affect germination traits and seedling development of Conyza canadensis

“…Recently, agronomists have found Conyza spp. biotypes with herbicide resistance mechanisms to several herbicide molecules, including glyphosate 4 , 11 . In South Brazil, 78% of the Conyza spp.…”