Morphofunctional changes of orofacial muscles in patients with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, alveolus and palate

Bilateral cleft lip and palate: A morphometric analysis of facial skeletal form using cone beam computed tomography

“…Nonetheless, the results of this 3D study of the effects of BCLP on the facial skeleton are somewhat comparable to those of other BCLP studies. For example, BCLP is associated with increased interocular width, increased posterior maxillary width, increased nasal cavity width, a smaller nasomaxillary complex, reduced midfacial depth and growth rates, reduced posterior maxilla height, reduced mandibular height, and a shallow mentolabial sulcus (Hanada and Krogman, ; Ward et al ; Hermann et al, ; Proff et al, ; Garib et al, ; Hasanzadeh et al, ). Additionally, it has previously been reported that BCLP soft‐tissue facial proportions exhibit more differences in the middle and upper face than the lower face relative to controls, with the strongest differences localized to the nasal regions (Farkas et al, ).…”

“…During development, the BCLP deformity divides the maxilla into two lateral segments that develop without any bony connection to the nasal septum or the premaxilla, resulting in disruption to the morphogenesis and function of the orbicularis oris muscle and dysmorphology of craniofacial osseous and soft‐tissues (Hermann et al, ; Proff et al, ). Premaxillary protrusion is associated with cases of BCLP that have not been surgically corrected and is thought to develop around the sixth week of intrauterine life (da Silva Filho et al, ).…”

Intraoperative Vascular Anatomy, Arterial Blood Flow Velocity, and Microcirculation in Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip Repair

“…Published schematic illustrations show that the superior labial artery on the cleft side runs to the alar base and joins the facial artery. 6,26,27 Conversely, photographs of arteriograms 5,28,29 and illustrations derived therefrom 9,30 show a superior labial artery that thins out at the inner side of the cleft nostril, whereas the superior alar branches connect laterally to the facial artery. Our intraoperative findings concur well with the arteriographic pattern.…”

Induction and Prevention of Cleft Lip, Alveolus and Palate and Neural Tube Defects with Special Consideration of B Vitamins and the Methylation Cycle

“…Dadurch werden zwar alle Organe bzw. Gewebe ausgebildet, nur bleibt die Verschmelzung der darunterliegenden mesenchymalen Gewebe aus, so dass Nerven, Gefäße, Muskeln und Faszien in abnormen Bahnen verlaufen und später bei chirurgischen Korrekturen einige Probleme bereiten können [59]. Als morphologische Ursache für den fehlenden embryonalen Schluss zweier miteinander verschmelzender Epithelien wird eine fehlende Apoptose der Epithelzellen angenommen [36,45,50,78].…”

“…Die Inzidenz der genannten Fehlbildungen liegt bei den Neugeborenen bei etwa 1:500 bis 1:1500 und ist regional sehr variabel [33,42,60,71]. Allerdings sues fail to fuse, so that nerves, blood vessels, muscles and fasciae follow abnormal pathways, which may create problems during surgical correction [59]. It is assumed that the absence of apoptosis of epithelial cells is the morphological cause for the failure of fusing of the two epithelial processes during embryonic development [36,45,50,78].…”