Morphogenesis on the Multicellular Level: Patterns of Mechanical Stresses and Main Modes of Collective Cell Behavior

Beloussov, L. V.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13990-6_3

“…While much attention has focussed on understanding individual morphogenetic processes, much remains to be understood about how these processes coordinate with each other or act 'globally' to shape the embryo (Beloussov, 2015;Heisenberg & Solnica-Krezel, 2008;Leptin & Grunewald, 1990;Miller & Davidson, 2013;Williams & Solnica-Krezel, 2017). This issue of global morphological integration has so far been addressed in relatively few animal models such as nematode (Lee et al, 2006;Marston et al, 2016), Drosophila (Holcomb, et al,2019;Rauzi et al, 2015), amphibians and birds (Firmino et al, 2016;Keller & Winklbauer, 1992;Shook et al, 2018) and ascidians (Sherrard et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica

Kraus

¹

,

Houliston

²

2020

Developmental Biology

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The cnidarian "planula" larva shows radial symmetry around a polarized, oral-aboral, body axis and comprises two epithelia cell layers, ectodermal and endodermal. This simple body plan is set up during gastrulation, a process which proceeds by a variety of modes amongst the diverse cnidarian species. In the hydrozoan laboratory model Clytia hemisphaerica, gastrulation involves a process termed unipolar cell ingression, in which the endoderm derives from mass epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the future oral pole of a monoepithelial blastula. This contrasts markedly from the gastrulation mode in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, in which endoderm formation primarily relies on cell sheet invagination. To understand the cellular basis of gastrulation in Clytia we have characterized in detail successive cell morphology changes during planula formation by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy combined with confocal imaging. These changes accompany epithialization of the blastoderm, bottle cell formation followed by EMT in the oral domain, cohesive migration and intercalation of ingressed mesenchymal cells, and re-epithelialization of the endoderm. From our data we have reconstructed the cascade of morphogenetic events leading to the formation of planula larva. We also matched the domains of cell morphology changes to the expression of selected regulatory and marker genes expressed during gastrulation. We propose that cell ingression in Clytia not only provides the endoderm, but generates internal forces that shape the embryo in the course of gastrulation. These observations help build a more complete understanding of the cellular basis of morphogenesis and of the evolutionary plasticity of cnidarian gastrulation modes.

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“…While much attention has focused on understanding individual morphogenetic processes, much remains to be understood about how these processes coordinate with each other or act 'globally' to shape the embryo (Beloussov, 2015;Miller & Davidson, 2013;Williams & Solnica-Krezel, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica

Kraus

¹

,

Houliston

²

2019

Preprint

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The cnidarian "planula" larva shows radial symmetry around a polarized, oral-aboral, body axis and comprises two epithelia cell layers, ectodermal and endodermal. This simple body plan is set up during gastrulation, a process which proceeds by a variety of modes amongst the diverse cnidarian species. In the hydrozoan laboratory model Clytia hemisphaerica, gastrulation involves a process termed unipolar cell ingression, in which the endoderm derives from mass epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the future oral pole of a monoepithelial blastula. This contrasts markedly from the gastrulation mode in the anthozoan cnidarian Nematostella vectensis, in which endoderm formation primarily relies on cell sheet invagination. To understand the cellular basis of gastrulation in Clytia we have characterized in detail successive cell morphology changes during planula formation by Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy combined with confocal imaging. These changes accompany epithialization of the blastoderm, bottle cell formation followed by EMT in the oral domain, cohesive migration and intercalation of ingressed mesenchymal cells, and re-epithelialization of the endoderm. From our data we have reconstructed the cascade of morphogenetic events leading to the formation of planula larva. We also matched the domains of cell morphology changes to the expression of selected regulatory and marker genes expressed during gastrulation. We propose that cell ingression in Clytia not only provides the endoderm, but generates internal forces that shape the embryo in the course of gastrulation. These observations help build a more complete understanding of the cellular basis of morphogenesis and of the evolutionary plasticity of cnidarian gastrulation modes.

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Transcription Profiling of CulturedAcropora digitiferaAdult Cells Reveals the Existence of Ancestral Genome Regulatory Modules Underlying Pluripotency and Cell Differentiation in Cnidaria

Reyes-Bermudez

¹

,

Hidaka

²

,

Mikheyev

³

2021

Genome Biology and Evolution

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Due to their pluripotent nature and unlimited cell renewal, stem cells have been proposed as an ideal material for establishing long-term cnidarian cell cultures. However, the lack of unifying principles associated with "stemness" across the phylum complicates stem cells' identification and isolation. Here, we for the first time report gene expression profiles for cultured coral cells, focusing on regulatory gene networks underlying pluripotency and differentiation. Cultures were initiated from Acropora digitifera tip fragments, the fastest growing tissue in Acropora. Overall, in vitro transcription resembled early larvae, over-expressing orthologs of pre-metazoan and Hydra stem cell markers, and transcripts with roles in cell division, migration, and differentiation. Our results suggest the presence of pluripotent cell-types in cultures and indicate the existence of ancestral genome regulatory modules underlying pluripotency and cell differentiation in cnidaria. Cultured cells appear to be synthesizing protein, differentiating, and proliferating.

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Morphogenesis on the Multicellular Level: Patterns of Mechanical Stresses and Main Modes of Collective Cell Behavior

Cited by 3 publications

References 46 publications

Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica

Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica

Cell shape changes during larval body plan development in Clytia hemisphaerica

Transcription Profiling of CulturedAcropora digitiferaAdult Cells Reveals the Existence of Ancestral Genome Regulatory Modules Underlying Pluripotency and Cell Differentiation in Cnidaria

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