Morphological and chemical characterization of iron-rich fly ash fractions

Coal combustion residues—environmental implications and recycling potentials

“…4). And some of them were spherical, hollow shaped and cenospheres in nature (Asokan, 2003;Fisher et al, 1978;Kolay and Singh, 2001;Murarka et al, 1993;Norton et al, 1986). Microstructure of CCRs may influence the binding properties, sorption characteristics of the final products or process.…”

Hollow-fiber flow/hyperlayer field-flow fractionation for the size characterization of airborne particle fractions obtained by SPLITT fractionation

“…3. Figure 4 shows the separation of four PS standards (8,5,3, and 2 lm in diameter) achieved within 2 min, and the resulting calibration curve, a plot of log t r versus log d, in the inserted plot. The relationship between the retention time and particle diameter can be expressed as log t r = -S d N log d + log t r1 where S d is the diameter-based selectivity (S d = j d log t r / d log d j) representing the fractional increase of retention time with the change in diameter at logarithmic scale, and the t r1 represents the retention time of a unit diameter [16].…”

“…Determination of particle size and the size distribution of environmental particles has been typically made with the use of a Coulter Multisizer [3][4][5], photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) [6,7], microscopy [8,9], differential mobility particle sizers (DMPS) [10,11], and condensation particle counters (CPC) [12]. A fast and accurate measurement of the size distribution of airborne particles is not simple to obtain due to its heterogeneity in particle density, shape, and solubility.…”

Size-based analysis of incinerator fly ash using gravitational SPLITT fractionation, sedimentation field-flow fractionation, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy

“…The result shows a mixture of ten micron-sized polystyrene latex beads (40,30,20,15,10,7,5,4, 3, 2 µm) was separated well (data not shown). The field strength and flow rate were held constant at 1850 rpm and at 5.58 mL min -1 , respectively.…”

“…Various sizing techniques have been developed and used for environmental particles, including the Coulter multisizer [5,12,13,14], the scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) [15,16,17], aerosol time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (ATOFMS) [18,19], microscopy [16,20,21], and photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) [22,23,24]. All these methods have their own advantages and disadvantages in terms of analysis time, sensitivity, and cost, etc.…”