Morphological and chemical composition of particulate matter in buses exhaust

Чернышев, В. В.; Zakharenko, Alexander M.; Ugay, Sergey Maksimovich; Hien, To Trong; Hai, Le Hong; Olesik, Svetlana; Холодов, А. С.; Zubko, Evgenij; Kokkinakis, Manolis; Burykina, Tatyana I.; Stratidakis, Antonios; Mezhuev, Ya. O.; Sarigiannis, D; Tsatsakis, Aristidis; Golokhvast, Kirill S.

doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2018.12.002

Cited by 63 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…According to our results (Table 1, Figure 2), ambient air in Birobidzhan city contains a significant percentage of particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm, potentially hazardous to human health, mainly, the respiratory tract [27]. As previously shown, many urban air particles with aerodynamic diameter of approximately 2.5-5 μm are the products of motor vehicle exhaust-soot, ashes, and metal-containing particles [28,29]. e highest proportion of PM 10 (64.9%) was observed in vicinity of the local thermal power station (point G4).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Air Pollution of Nature Reserves near Cities in Russia

Холодов

Golokhvast

2020

Scientifica

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Today, protected natural areas cover about 15% of the Earth’s land. These areas by definition are supposed to be free of pollution; they nevertheless suffer from the effects of aerial transport of anthropogenic polluting substances. In this study, we evaluated the impact of settlements on protected natural areas to determine the optimal distance beyond which the anthropogenic influence would be minimal. For this purpose, we analyzed the particle size distribution and the content of metals in fresh snow samples collected in the Bastak Nature Reserve and the neighboring Birobidzhan city (Russian Federation). Both sites contained comparable proportions of PM10 and contents of heavy metals, which points to the transportation of air pollutants from the city to the reserve. The results of the analysis were summarized and compared with the available data on other nature reserves and nearby populated localities. Based on the research data, pollutant emissions should be decreased for cities that are closer than 50 km to nature reserves. Moreover, authorities should take into consideration atmospheric factors and distance to the nearest settlement when establishing new protected natural areas.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 58%

Air Pollution of Nature Reserves near Cities in Russia

Холодов

Golokhvast

2020

Scientifica

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“…This implicates part of the PM contamination present inside the moving vehicle as being a result of emissions from the bus itself ("self-pollution"), a phenomenon well documented in previous publications (e.g. Fondelli et al, 2008;Zhang et al, 2013;Chernyshev et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Chemistry and sources of PM2.5 and volatile organic compounds breathed inside urban commuting and tourist buses

Fernández-Iriarte

Amato

Moreno

et al. 2020

Atmospheric Environment

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Inhalable particulate matter (size <2.5µm: PM 2.5) inside commuting and tourist buses moving through the city of Barcelona, Spain, was chemically analysed. The analyses show PM dominated by organic carbon (mostly 10-20 µg/m 3) and elemental carbon (mostly 3-6 µg/m 3 ; OC/EC=3.4), followed by SO 4 2 , Fe, Ca, K, Al 2 O 3 , Mg, and Na, with calculated mineral content being around one third that of total carbon. Elemental carbon levels are higher inside diesel buses than those powered by natural gas or electricity, and higher in the upper floor of open-top double decker tourist buses than in the lower floor. Overall, major element concentrations inside the buses are typically 2-8 times higher than 24haveraged urban background levels, although some metallic trace elements, notably Cu and Sb, are exceptionally enriched due to the presence of brake particles, especially on routes involving higher gradients and therefore more brake use. In contrast, Cu and Sb concentrations in electric buses are unexceptional, presumably because these buses rely more on regenerative braking and are hermetically sealed when moving. Seasonal differences reveal PM to be more mineral in winter (Al 2 O 3 1.3 µg/m 3 vs. summer average of 0.3 µg/m 3), with summer enrichment in Na, Mg, P, V, Ni and SO 4 2being attributed to marine aerosols contaminated by port emissions. Source apportionment calculations identify 6 main factors: road dust resuspension, metalliferous (brake wear and metallurgy), local urban dust, secondary sulphate and shipping (6%), vehicle exhaust (19%), and an indoor source (46%) interpreted as likely related to the textile fibres and skin flakes of bus occupants. Volatile Organic Compounds measured inside all buses except one were dominated by 2-Methylpentane (14-36 µg/m 3), Toluene (10-30 µg/m 3), Xylene isomers (10-28 µg/m 3 , with m->> o-> p-Xylene) and n-Pentane (5-15 µg/m 3). ƩBTEX concentrations were <70 µg/m 3 , with Toluene being commonest, followed by m-Xylene, with p-Xylene, o-Xylene and Ethylbenzene each below 7 µg/m 3 and Benzene concentrations always less than the EU limit value of 5 µg/m 3. The VOCs mixture is similar to that recently reported from inside Barcelona taxis (although inside the larger volume bus VOC concentrations are lower than in the taxis) and is interpreted as providing a chemical fingerprint characterising traffic-contaminated ambient air in the city road environment. The notable exception to the VOC content was a brand new hybrid diesel bus still offgassing volatiles to such an extent that Ʃ(alkane+alkene+aromatic) indoor concentrations exceeded 800 µg/m 3 , with ƩBTEX ten times higher than normal.

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“…Prolonged intake of painkiller drugs can be implicated in body organelles metal build up as a single prescription or non-prescription intake can expose a consumer to a minimum of two to a maximum of six metals as shown in Table 1 . Modern and personal lifestyle such as smoking [ 42 ], intake of functional beverages [ 43 ], Nigerian local spices [ 44 ], street vended foods [ 45 ], skin infiltration of heavy metal via surface pores by application of skin enhancers, pedicure and manicure products [ 1 , 46 ], auto-paint dust [ 47 , 48 ], in addition to environmental and occupational exposures through intake of organic and inorganic air-driven suspensions [ [49] , [50] , [51] ], can add to the public heavy metal exposures, hence the human internal organs and systems may increasingly accumulate heavy metals. Chronic daily intake (CDI) for carcinogenic risk ( Table 2 ) and non-carcinogenic health effects ( Table 3 ) show similarity of values but with minor variations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%