Morphological and molecular identification of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus in Nigeria, West Africa: a threat to livestock health

Abstract

The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus was first reported in West Africa in Ivory Coast, in 2007. Since then it has made an aggressive eastward advancement having been reported in four other West African countries: Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo and Benin. We herein report the first molecular identification of this tick species in Nigeria, West Africa, and highlight the threat it poses to livestock health. A nation-wide tick survey was conducted in 12 out of 36 states across the various agro ecological zones of Nigeria over a 1 year period (April 2014-March 2015). In total 1498 ticks belonging to three genera collected from cattle were morphologically identified. Overall, Amblyomma species constituted the highest percentage of sampled ticks, 50.2% (752/1498), followed by Rhipicephalus (including the subgenus Boophilus) species, 29.4% (440/1498) and Hyalomma species, 20.4% (306/1498). The presence of Rh. (B.) microplus was identified morphologically from four out of the 12 states. This finding was confirmed for the first time in Nigeria using a molecular method targeting the ITS-2 region of the ticks in three of the 12 states. This study ascertained the presence of Rh. (B.) microplus in Nigeria in addition to a broad variety of cattle tick species, most of which are of veterinary importance. The implication of this finding is that there may be additional economic burden to livestock farmers due to increased cost of tick control occasioned by the acaricide resistance by this tick species widely reported from different climes. Additionally, there may be a potential upsurge in incidence of hemoparasitic infections in cattle leading to increased morbidity, cost of treatment and mortalities.

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

“…Similarly, R. microplus was introduced into Ivory Coast and Benin from Brazil 10 years ago [8]. Since then, it has spread to Burkina Faso, Mali, Togo and very recently into Nigeria and Cameroon [3,[8][9][10][11][12]. This species is now well established in the southern and eastern fringes of South Africa [2,7].…”

Invasive cattle ticks in East Africa: morphological and molecular confirmation of the presence of Rhipicephalus microplus in south-eastern Uganda

“…Similarly, R. microplus was introduced into Ivory Coast and Benin from Brazil 10 years ago [8]. Since then, it has spread to Burkina Faso, Mali, Togo and very recently into Nigeria and Cameroon [3, [8][9][10][11][12]. This species is now well established in the southern and eastern fringes of South Africa [2,7].…”

The Prevalence of Ectoparasites of Livestock and Dogs in Edo State (South-South), Nigeria

“…In this investigation, the only group of ectoparasites seen on cattle were ticks (Rhipicephalus, Amblyomma, Hyalomma). While the aforementioned genera are commonly reported in Nigeria from previous surveys on cattle (Bayer and Maina, 1984;Lorusso et al, 2013;Kamani et al, 2017), at species level, A. variegatum followed by Rh. microplus and Rh.…”

“…decoloratus were most occurring. In Nigeria, the preponderance of A. variegatum on cattle has also been reported elsewhere (Bayer and Maina, 1984;Kamani et al, 2017) but being least prevalent in a certain surveyed location in northern Nigeria (Lorusso et al 2013). The presence of A. variegatum could pose a challenge to animal health because it is a vector to an array of pathogenic organisms (Hoogstraal, 1956;Uilenberg, 1981;Saidu et al, 1984).…”