2020
DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2020.511265
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Morphological Computation Increases From Lower- to Higher-Level of Biological Motor Control Hierarchy

Abstract: Voluntary movements, like point-to-point or oscillatory human arm movements, are generated by the interaction of several structures. High-level neuronal circuits in the brain are responsible for planning and initiating a movement. Spinal circuits incorporate proprioceptive feedback to compensate for deviations from the desired movement. Muscle biochemistry and contraction dynamics generate movement driving forces and provide an immediate physical response to external forces, like a low-level decentralized cont… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(9 citation statements)
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References 70 publications
(114 reference statements)
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“…The analysis with damping factor model by Lankarani and Nikravesh [20] realized the fact that a soft grounding effectively reduces the ground reaction force. In the actual phenomenon due to the interaction in the musculoskeletal systems such as a vibration from the sensory feedback loop [29,30], the further detail modeling is crucial. Phenomenologically in the level of the force generation, we successfully observed a time delay in a peak in the force time profile specifically in running gaits, which indicates an intrinsic behavior due to the damping factor is highly important in the kicking motion of the hoof.…”
Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The analysis with damping factor model by Lankarani and Nikravesh [20] realized the fact that a soft grounding effectively reduces the ground reaction force. In the actual phenomenon due to the interaction in the musculoskeletal systems such as a vibration from the sensory feedback loop [29,30], the further detail modeling is crucial. Phenomenologically in the level of the force generation, we successfully observed a time delay in a peak in the force time profile specifically in running gaits, which indicates an intrinsic behavior due to the damping factor is highly important in the kicking motion of the hoof.…”
Section: Conclusion and Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These neural regulations allow muscles to run in versatile modes, such as impedance regulator, energy absorber, or instant stabilizersee Nishikawa et al [36] for a review. In order to simulate these higher-level control behaviours, recent computational models that implemented physiologically realistic closedloop models of neuro-muscular mechanics can be considered [18,19,[37][38][39][40].…”
Section: Hill-type Muscle Model (Also Known As Hill-zajac Model)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…For example, maintaining the spine and pelvis in neutral alignment keeps the postural muscles at or near their optimum length (the muscle length at which the maximum muscle force can be generated [4]); this enhances neural communication and force expression through the trunk. Optimum muscle length is also associated with reflexes and preflexes, the latter referring to the immediate muscle responses to disruptive external influences, where perturbations of length and velocity produce changes in contractile force with zero delay [13,18]. A neutral spine has a positive impact on pelvis position, which allows for self-organization of the lower limb muscles as they activate favorable positioning, achieve optimum length, and withstand high forces.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%