Morphological Observation of Laryngeal Motoneurons by Means of Cholera Toxin B Subunit Tracing Technique

Yoshida, Yoshikazu; Yatake, Katsuyuki; Tanaka, Yasumasa; Imamura, Rui; Fukunaga, Hiroyuki; Nakashima, Tadashi; Hirano, Minoru

doi:10.1080/00016489850182242

Cited by 13 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the burst activity is closely related to the absence of PND, ELMs project directly to laryngeal constrictor muscles and do not have intramedullary axon collaterals (Davis & Nail, 1984;Yoshida et al 1998;Berkowitz et al 2005;Ludlow, 2005;Sun et al 2008). In other words, they are therefore unable to activate inhibitory interneurons and stop inspiration.…”

Section: Inhibition Related To the Elm Burstmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2008). SLN stimulation activates the ELMs that control laryngeal constrictor muscles during phrenic apnoea and many other airway protective reflexes (Davis & Nail, 1984; Czyzyk‐Krzeska & Lawson, 1991; Jiang & Lipski, 1992; Yoshida et al . 1998; Jean, 2001; Ludlow, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Expiratory laryngeal motoneurons (ELMs) are located in the caudal nucleus ambiguus and fire with a post-I pattern Ono et al 2006;Sun et al 2008). SLN stimulation activates the ELMs that control laryngeal constrictor muscles during phrenic apnoea and many other airway protective reflexes (Davis & Nail, 1984;Czyzyk-Krzeska & Lawson, 1991;Jiang & Lipski, 1992;Yoshida et al 1998;Jean, 2001;Ludlow, 2005). The activation of ELMs during phrenic apnoea following SLN stimulation occurs in bursts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The temporal relationship between non‐respiratory burst activity of expiratory laryngeal motoneurons and phrenic apnoea during stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in rat

Sun

Bautista

Berkowitz

et al. 2011

The Journal of Physiology

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Non-technical summary Nerve fibres in the larynx detect foreign substances and elicit a stereotypical airway protective response that can be simulated by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). In humans the response includes cough, swallowing and a cessation of breathing (apnoea). It is still unknown precisely how the central nervous system coordinates swallowing and breathing, and at which point the two vital systems converge and diverge in the brain. Here we report a temporal, sequential relationship between excitation of expiratory laryngeal motoneurons that close the larynx during swallowing, and inhibition of breathing, during stimulation of the SLN in rat. The two phenomena can be dissociated by inactivating different brain areas. This work therefore has implications for diseases such as sudden infant death syndrome and Parkinson's disease, in which incoordination of breathing and protective behaviours may result in aspiration of irritants and subsequent death or aspiration pneumonia.Abstract A striking effect of stimulating the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) is its ability to inhibit central inspiratory activity (cause 'phrenic apnoea'), but the mechanism underlying this inhibition remains unclear. Here we demonstrate, by stimulating the SLN at varying frequencies, that the evoked non-respiratory burst activity recorded from expiratory laryngeal motoneurons (ELMs) has an intimate temporal relationship with phrenic apnoea. During 1-5 Hz SLN stimulation, occasional absences of phrenic nerve discharge (PND) occurred such that every absent PND was preceded by an ELM burst activity. During 10-20 Hz SLN stimulation, more bursts were evoked together with more absent PNDs, leading eventually to phrenic apnoea. Interestingly, subsequent microinjections of isoguvacine (10 mM, 20-40 nl) into ipsilateral Bötzinger complex (BötC) and contralateral nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) significantly attenuated the apnoeic response but not the ELM burst activity. Our results suggest a bifurcating projection from NTS to both the caudal nucleus ambiguus and BötC, which mediates the closely related ELM burst and apnoeic response, respectively. We believe that such an intimate timing between laryngeal behaviour and breathing is crucial for the effective elaboration of the different airway protective behaviours elicited following SLN stimulation, including the laryngeal adductor reflex, swallowing and cough.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Inhibition Related To the Elm Burstmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The temporal relationship between non‐respiratory burst activity of expiratory laryngeal motoneurons and phrenic apnoea during stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in rat

Sun

Bautista

Berkowitz

et al. 2011

The Journal of Physiology

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“…These spinal interneurons excite ipsilateral phrenic motor neurons (149). Other brainstem premotor and motor neurons control muscles of the upper airways, such as tongue, oropharyngeal, and other accessory muscles that influence airway resistance and protect lung volume (9, 11, 18, 72, 127, 129, 249, 266, 347). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Models and Emergent Properties of Respiratory Neural Networks

Lindsey

Rybak

Smith

2012

Comprehensive Physiology

105

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Computational models of the neural control system for breathing in mammals provide a theoretical and computational framework bringing together experimental data obtained from different animal preparations under various experimental conditions. Many of these models were developed in parallel and iteratively with experimental studies and provided predictions guiding new experiments. This data-driven modeling approach has advanced our understanding of respiratory network architecture and neural mechanisms underlying generation of the respiratory rhythm and pattern, including their functional reorganization under different physiological conditions. Models reviewed here vary in neurobiological details and computational complexity and span multiple spatiotemporal scales of respiratory control mechanisms. Recent models describe interacting populations of respiratory neurons spatially distributed within the Bötzinger and pre-Bötzinger complexes and rostral ventrolateral medulla that contain core circuits of the respiratory central pattern generator (CPG). Network interactions within these circuits along with intrinsic rhythmogenic properties of neurons form a hierarchy of multiple rhythm generation mechanisms. The functional expression of these mechanisms is controlled by input drives from other brainstem components, including the retrotrapezoid nucleus and pons, which regulate the dynamic behavior of the core circuitry. The emerging view is that the brainstem respiratory network has rhythmogenic capabilities at multiple levels of circuit organization. This allows flexible, state-dependent expression of different neural pattern-generation mechanisms under various physiological conditions, enabling a wide repertoire of respiratory behaviors. Some models consider control of the respiratory CPG by pulmonary feedback and network reconfiguration during defensive behaviors such as cough. Future directions in modeling of the respiratory CPG are considered.

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Somatotopy of the Neurons Innervating the Cricothyroid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid, and Thyroarytenoid Muscles of the Rat's Larynx

Hernández-Morato

Pascual‐Font

Ramírez

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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Neurons innervating the intrinsic muscles of the larynx are located within the nucleus ambiguus but the precise distribution of the neurons for each muscle is still a matter for debate. The purpose of this study was to finely determine the position and the number of the neurons innervating the intrinsic laryngeal muscles cricothyroid, posterior cricoarytenoid, and thyroarytenoid in the rat. The study was carried out in a total of 28 Sprague Dawley rats. The B subunit of the cholera toxin was employed as a retrograde tracer to determine the locations, within the nucleus ambiguus, of the neurons of these intrinsic laryngeal muscles following intramuscular injection. The labelled neurons were found ipsilaterally in the nucleus ambiguus grouped in discrete populations with reproducible rostrocaudal and dorsoventral locations among the sample of animals. Neurons innervating the cricothyroid muscle were located the most rostral of the three populations, neurons innervating the posterior cricoarytenoid were found more caudal, though there was a region of rostrocaudal overlap between these two populations. The most caudal were the neurons innervating the thyroarytenoid muscle, presenting a variable degree of overlap with the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. The mean number (6SD) of labelled neurons was found to be 41 6 9 for the cricothyroid, 39 6 10 for the posterior cricoarytenoid and 33 6 12 for the thyroarytenoid.

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Morphological Observation of Laryngeal Motoneurons by Means of Cholera Toxin B Subunit Tracing Technique

Cited by 13 publications

References 16 publications

The temporal relationship between non‐respiratory burst activity of expiratory laryngeal motoneurons and phrenic apnoea during stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in rat

The temporal relationship between non‐respiratory burst activity of expiratory laryngeal motoneurons and phrenic apnoea during stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in rat

Computational Models and Emergent Properties of Respiratory Neural Networks

Somatotopy of the Neurons Innervating the Cricothyroid, Posterior Cricoarytenoid, and Thyroarytenoid Muscles of the Rat's Larynx

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