Morphologies, microstructures, and mechanical properties of samples produced using laser metal deposition with 316 L stainless steel wire

Xu, Xiang; Mi, Gaoyang; Luo, Yuanqing; Jiang, Ping; Shao, Xinyu; Wang, Chunming

doi:10.1016/j.optlaseng.2017.02.008

Cited by 117 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…It is worth noting that metallic wires are reported to be easier to stock and to produce in comparison with powder [10]; moreover, a reduction of costs and waste, an improvement in deposition efficiency in conjunction with a cleaner process environment without metal dust pollution is expected [11], although the influence of wire properties on the process quality must be further investigated [8,10], as process stability, proper surface quality, bonding strength, and soundness are reported to be challenging and highly dependent on the processing parameters [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, a number of solutions have been proposed in the literature. Defocusing of the laser beam is considered in general, to provide a larger spot with respect to the size of the metal wire [10,11,14]. A deposit width 5 to 15 times the wire diameter is reported in single deposition [15,16], hence decreasing the geometrical resolution and the effectiveness of the part, depending on the application.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Additive manufacturing by means of laser-aided directed metal deposition of titanium wire

Caiazzo

2018

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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A number of innovative technologies are offered in the literature to the purpose of additive manufacturing. Among them, directed metal deposition of wire by means of laser beam is receiving increasing interest since important advantages are benefited in comparison with its powder-based counterpart. Nevertheless, a number of issues must be addressed: this paper aims to provide further understanding of the technology to give grounds to actual applications in an industrial environment. Single trace deposition of Ti-6Al-4V wire over homologous substrate is investigated; the laser power, the processing speed, and the amount of fed metal is changed. The geometrical responses (i.e., trace width, height, depth, shape angle, and dilution) in the cross-section are investigated as a function of the processing parameters. Namely, a global clear view of the responses is given as a function of power and deposited wire mass per unit time. Furthermore, possible occurrence of micro pores is discussed with respect to common international standards. Eventually, an investigation about changes in both the microstructure and the microhardness is addressed: an increase of hardness in the fusion zone is noticed as a consequence of non-diffusional martensitic transformation of the original α-β phases upon rapid cooling, with reduced extent of the heat-affected zone below 0.4 mm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additive manufacturing by means of laser-aided directed metal deposition of titanium wire

Caiazzo

2018

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…According to the chemical composition analysis of the filler metal, the ratio of the Cr(eq)/Ni(eq) was 1.585. In case of the ratio, the high solidification rate can cause the austenite mode or the ferrite-austenite mode [24].…”

Section: Microstructural Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Hot Cracking on Dissimilar Metal Weld between A106Gr.B and A312 TP316L with Buttering ERNiCr-3

Lee

2019

Metals

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When designing piping systems for various industrial facilities, carbon steel and stainless steel are widely being used. In order to satisfy design requirements in the piping systems, the two different materials are often welded in various cases. Therefore, for quality assurance, it is necessary to understand mechanical and metallurgical properties of dissimilar metal welds thoroughly. In this study, dissimilar metal welds of stainless and carbon steels were produced through the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. In the middle of the dissimilar weld, buttering welding and butt welding were manufactured using filler wires of ERNiCr-3 and ER316L. The chemical composition of the dissimilar metal weld was analyzed. Tensile test, bending test, and hardness test were additionally performed. The microstructures of the dissimilar metal weld were investigated to analyze the cracks found during the tensile test and the bending test. The metallographic behavior was analyzed in the vicinity of the cracks. The mechanism and cause of the cracks in the dissimilar metal weld were identified. As a result, the precipitates of complex carbide types were observed in segregation bands.

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“…Austenite (γ) and ferritic (δ) phases could be observed from the columnar dendritic structure. According to the binary diagram of the microstructure, 316L tissue at room temperature is in the austenite equilibrium phase; however, the additive manufacturing process is characterized by a high-temperature gradient, high cooling rate and repeated heating treatment, which allow easy production of a non-equilibrium phase [24]. As a result of the thermal influence of the subsequent layer on the previous layer, part of the ferrite is dissolved in the austenite and the remaining δ ferrite exhibits a vermicular shape [25], yielding the final formation of cellular or reticular austenite.…”

Section: Microstructure Of Deposited Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

Xue

Zhang³

et al. 2019

Metals

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Cold metal transfer (CMT) has been widely used in metal additive manufacturing for its low heat input, less splashing and high efficiency. Wire feeding speed and travelling speed are important processes that affect morphology in CMT deposition. This study optimized the forming process of 30-layer stainless-steel part deposited by double-wire and double-arc CMT plus pulse (CMT+P) process, and investigated the effect of the ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed on deposition morphology. The results show that asynchronous arc striking and extinguishing can improve the forming. Moreover, the deposition molding is affected by the interaction of heat input and heat accumulation. With the similar ratio of wire feeding speed to travelling speed and the similar heat input, increasing the wire feeding speed can increase the heat accumulation and the width of sample, and decrease the height. The optimum process interval of wire feeding speed to travelling speed ratio and heat input is 3.9-4.2 and 70-74.8 J/mm, respectively. Although the increasing heat accumulation makes grain coarse and slight decreases mechanical property, the highest deposition rate can be up to 5.4 kg/h, when wire feeding speed and travelling speed are 5 m/min and 120 cm/min, respectively, and the tensile strength and elongation rate of which can reach the basic standard requirements for stainless-steel forgings.Wire feeding speed is important to the final quality of the product [9,10]. The relationship between wire feeding speed (WFS) and travelling speed (TS) has a great effect on the deposited morphology [11][12][13]. Gomez Ortega et al. [11] studied the influence of speed and power on the forming of single welding and multilayer deposition walls by CMT process, and then concluded that gradually increasing TS could realize the uniform width of the deposition. Moreover, Kazanas et al.[12] adopted CMT process to manufacture upright and inclined walls with ER70S-6 and ER4043 wires, and studied the matching process between WFS and TS. The results revealed that the molding was good when the WFS/TS ratio was in a certain proportion of 15. Similarly, Xu et al. [13] researched the process region of maraging steel by CMT single-pass deposition, the results indicated that when WFS and WFS/TS ratio were greater than 6 m/min and 20, respectively, the forming was acceptable.The CMT plus Pulse (CMT+P) process is developed by adding pulse into CMT welding, which realizes alternating transition between CMT and pulse during welding [7], and the heat input can be adjusted freely. In addition, the CMT+P process can refine the droplet by pulse, which could effectively reduce the number and size of porosity [14]. Furthermore, CMT+P process has smaller penetration depth and similar deposition width than CMT. Thus, CMT+P is an appropriate process for material deposition. Ayarkwa et al. [15] built aluminum alloy part by CMT+P mode, and the forming was perfect when the WFS/TS ratio was about 16, however, the WFS/TS ratio of stainless-steel deposition by CMT+P proce...

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Morphologies, microstructures, and mechanical properties of samples produced using laser metal deposition with 316 L stainless steel wire

Cited by 117 publications

References 29 publications

Additive manufacturing by means of laser-aided directed metal deposition of titanium wire

Additive manufacturing by means of laser-aided directed metal deposition of titanium wire

A Hot Cracking on Dissimilar Metal Weld between A106Gr.B and A312 TP316L with Buttering ERNiCr-3

Process Optimization on Multilayer Morphology During 316L Double-wire CMT+P Deposition Process

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