Morphology and Dissolution Rate of Wear Debris from Silicon Nitride Coatings

Pettersson, Maria; Skjöldebrand, Charlotte; Filho, Luimar; Engqvist, Håkan; Persson, Cecilia

doi:10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00133

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…This may be due to variation between particle generation experiments. The model Si 3 N 4 particles used were similar in size to recently published data on nanoscale Si 3 N 4 debris produced by a coating applied to a CoCrMo substrate [47], though particles up to a few microns in size were also identified by [47]. The nanoscale silicon nitride particles were also spherical and existed as aggregates of a similar size to those observed in the current study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Spherical nanoparticles with a circularity of greater than 0.7, when taken up by cells, may have different biological effects than less spherical particles, since particles with rough edges may break through endosomal or lysosomal membranes and thus reside more frequently in cytoplasm [51]. Measuring particle parameters also allows detection of particle dissolution; our results suggest that Si 3 N 4 particles may dissolve less quickly in vivo than has been previously suggested by simulations of in vivo conditions [47], since there were no detectable changes to particle size or shape. Additionally, results suggest that corrosion of particles, which may occur within macrophages, did not affect a significant number of particles within the given time frame.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

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Recovery of low volumes of wear debris from rat stifle joint tissues using a novel particle isolation method

et al. 2018

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a b s t r a c t Less than optimal particle isolation techniques have impeded analysis of orthopaedic wear debris in vivo. The purpose of this research was to develop and test an improved method for particle isolation from tissue. A volume of 0.018 mm 3 of clinically relevant CoCrMo, Ti-6Al-4V or Si 3 N 4 particles was injected into rat stifle joints for seven days of in vivo exposure. Following sacrifice, particles were located within tissues using histology. The particles were recovered by enzymatic digestion of periarticular tissue with papain and proteinase K, followed by ultracentrifugation using a sodium polytungstate density gradient. Particles were recovered from all samples, observed using SEM and the particle composition was verified using EDX, which demonstrated that all isolated particles were free from contamination. Particle size, aspect ratio and circularity were measured using image analysis software. There were no significant changes to the measured parameters of CoCrMo or Si 3 N 4 particles before and after the recovery process (KS tests, p > 0.05). Titanium particles were too few before and after isolation to analyse statistically, though size and morphologies were similar. Overall the method demonstrated a significant improvement to current particle isolation methods from tissue in terms of sensitivity and efficacy at removal of protein, and has the potential to be used for the isolation of ultra-low wearing total joint replacement materials from periprosthetic tissues. Statement of SignificanceThis research presents a novel method for the isolation of wear particles from tissue. Methodology outlined in this work would be a valuable resource for future researchers wishing to isolate particles from tissues, either as part of preclinical testing, or from explants from patients for diagnostic purposes. It is increasingly recognised that analysis of wear particles is critical to evaluating the safety of an orthopaedic device.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 59%

Recovery of low volumes of wear debris from rat stifle joint tissues using a novel particle isolation method

et al. 2018

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“…This type of coating has previously shown promising properties in terms of high biocompatibility, hardness, and low wear rates [17][18][19][20]. A further possible advantage of this coating compared to other ceramic coatings is its slow solubility in aqueous solutions [21,22], in combination with the high biocompatibility of its wear particles and ions [23]. We seek to develop SiN x coatings that dissolve controllably and generate wear particles of a higher dissolution rate than the coating itself (due to the higher surface area), and whose dissolution also gives biocompatible ions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Functional Silicon Nitride Coatings for Joint Replacements

et al. 2019

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Silicon nitride (SiNx) coatings are currently under investigation as bearing surfaces for joint implants, due to their low wear rate and the good biocompatibility of both coatings and their potential wear debris. The aim of this study was to move further towards functional SiNx coatings by evaluating coatings deposited onto CoCrMo surfaces with a CrN interlayer, using different bias voltages and substrate rotations. Reactive direct current magnetron sputtering was used to coat CoCrMo discs with a CrN interlayer, followed by a SiNx top layer, which was deposited by reactive high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. The interlayer was deposited using negative bias voltages ranging between 100 and 900 V, and 1-fold or 3-fold substrate rotation. Scanning electron microscopy showed a dependence of coating morphology on substrate rotation. The N/Si ratio ranged from 1.10 to 1.25, as evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Vertical scanning interferometry revealed that the coated, unpolished samples had a low average surface roughness between 16 and 33 nm. Rockwell indentations showed improved coating adhesion when a low bias voltage of 100 V was used to deposit the CrN interlayer. Wear tests performed in a reciprocating manner against Si3N4 balls showed specific wear rates lower than, or similar to that of CoCrMo. The study suggests that low negative bias voltages may contribute to a better performance of SiNx coatings in terms of adhesion. The low wear rates found in the current study support further development of silicon nitride-based coatings towards clinical application.

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“…[3] Recently, there has been a growing interest for amorphous silicon nitride (SiN x ) coatings for metallic medical implants, in contrast to fully ceramic Si 3 N 4 implants. [4][5][6][7][8][9] The use of a ceramic coating on a metallic implant would combine the ductility of the metallic implant with the biocompatibility of the ceramic, without the risk of a catastrophic failure of a fully ceramic implant. [8] It has been shown that a SiN x coating can reduce implant corrosion and limit the metal ion release from metallic implants, thus reducing harmful inflammation in the surrounding tissue.…”

Section: Silicon Nitridementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[8] In addition to the favorable mechanical properties, such as high wear-resistance, SiN x wear debris is soluble in aqueous solutions, further reducing the risk of undesired reactions between the host and the implant. [9][10][11] 1.2 Silicon nitride and silicon nitride-based materials 3…”

Section: Silicon Nitridementioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon Nitride Based Coatings Grown by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

Hänninen¹

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Silicon nitride and silicon nitride-based ceramics have several favorable material properties, such as high hardness and good wear resistance, which makes them important materials for the coating industry. This thesis focuses the synthesis of silicon nitride, silicon oxynitride, and silicon carbonitride thin films by reactive magnetron sputtering. The films were characterized based on their chemical composition, chemical bonding structure, and mechanical properties to link the growth conditions to the film properties. Silicon nitride films were synthesized by reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) from a Si target in Ar/N 2 atmospheres, whereas silicon oxynitride films were grown by using nitrous oxide as the reactive gas. Silicon carbonitride was synthesized by two different methods. The first method was using acetylene (C 2 H 2 ) in addition to N 2 in a Si HiPIMS process and the other was co-sputtering of Si and C, using HiPIMS for Si and direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) for graphite targets in an Ar/N 2 atmosphere. Langmuir probe measurements were carried out for the silicon nitride and silicon oxynitride processes and positive ion mass spectrometry for the silicon nitride processes to gain further understanding on the plasma conditions during film growth. The target current and voltage waveforms of the reactive HiPIMS processes were evaluated.The main deposition parameter affecting the nitrogen concentration of silicon nitride films was found to be the nitrogen content in the plasma. Films with nitrogen contents of 50 at.% were deposited at N 2 /Ar flow ratios of 0.3 and above. These films showed Si−N as the dominating component in Si 2p X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) core level spectra and Si−Si bonds were absent. The substrate temperature and target power were found to affect the nitrogen content to a lower extent. The residual stress and hardness of the films were found to increase with the film nitrogen content. Another factors influencing the coating stress were the process pressure, negative substrate bias, substrate temperature, and HiPIMS pulse energy. Silicon nitride coatings with good adhesion and low levels of compressive residual stress were grown by using a pressure of 600 mPa, a substrate temperature iii iv below 200 ℃, pulse energies below 2.5 Ws, and negative bias voltages up to 100 V.The elemental composition of silicon oxynitride films was shown to depend on the target power settings as well as on the nitrous oxide flow rate. Silicon oxide-like films were synthesized under poisoned target surface conditions, whereas films deposited in the transition regime between poisoned and metallic conditions showed higher nitrogen concentrations. The nitrogen content of the films deposited in the transition region was controlled by the applied gas flow rate. The applied target power did not affect the nitrogen concentration in the transition regime, while the oxygen content increased at decreasing target powers. The chemical composition of the films was show...

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Morphology and Dissolution Rate of Wear Debris from Silicon Nitride Coatings

Cited by 22 publications

References 40 publications

Recovery of low volumes of wear debris from rat stifle joint tissues using a novel particle isolation method

Recovery of low volumes of wear debris from rat stifle joint tissues using a novel particle isolation method

Towards Functional Silicon Nitride Coatings for Joint Replacements

Silicon Nitride Based Coatings Grown by Reactive Magnetron Sputtering

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