Morphology of the Physiological Foramen: I. Maxillary and Mandibular Molars

Abstract

Information concerning the anatomy of the physiological foramen is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the distance between the physiological and anatomical apex, accessory foramina frequency, and the shape and diameter of the physiological foramen in maxillary and mandibular molars. The apical anatomy of 523 maxillary and 574 mandibular molars from an Egyptian population was investigated by means of a computer-aided stereomicroscope (40 x magnification). The following results were obtained:

Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of 179 Maxillary First Molars by Means of Micro–computed Tomography: An Ex Vivo Study

“…The relatively high frequency of two main foramina in the mesiobuccal root observed in the present study (41%) is in agreement with other studies with 71.15% (17) and 65 % (14); whereas Grande et al (24) detected in 40% three and more foramina. The inconsistencies of the comparison results are probably due to the different origin of the teeth, to the number of teeth investigated [179 against 13 (5), 20 (14) and 46 (2)] or to the research methodologies employed.…”

“…Our results could also suggest that due to the relative high occurrence of two main foramina in the mesiobuccal root, the frequency of configurations 2-2-2/2, 1-1-1/2, 1-1-2/2 and 1-2-2/2 (Vertucci (2) type IV and V, respectively) may be higher in the Egyptian population (17). Yet, it would be difficult to sustain that this hypothesis is correct due to the high agreement, concerning the root canal configuration similarities in the distobuccal and palatal root canals, with other authors (15,(25)(26)(27)(28).…”

“…Only teeth with three clear distinctly and mesiodistal crown diameter of 10.0 mm (±0.2) were considered as maxillary first molars [Kraus et al, 1969]; otherwise they were excluded. The teeth obtained were from an Egyptian population (17) and their selection criteria were: complete development, no signs of root fracture, resorption, no radicular and coronal caries and that they had no endodontic treatment. The teeth were cleaned from any attached hard and soft tissues as well as calculus by means of an ultrasonic scaler, placed for one hour in a 3% hydrogen peroxide ultrasonic bath and then stored in 70% alcohol according to their type and dental arch position.…”

Root Canal Morphology and Configuration of 118 Mandibular First Molars by Means of Micro–Computed Tomography: An Ex Vivo Study

“…Out of a greater sample number of teeth obtained from an Egyptian population (14) only teeth that could be strictly identified as mandibular first molars, with a coronal (mesiodistal crown diameter of 11 mm [±0.2]) and radicular (two clear distinct roots) morphological dimensions that consistently adhere with the morphological description of Jordan et al (15) were included in the study; otherwise they were discarded. Further selection criteria (10x) were complete root development, no signs of root fracture, coronal or radicular resorption and caries and the fact that they had no previous endodontic treatment.…”

Morphology of the apical root canal system in Korean mandibular first molar

“…SEM 관찰 19) 및 three-dimensional imaging technique 23) , highresolution tomography technique 24) 등을 사용하여 측정 의 정확성을 향상시키고 오차를 감소시키고자 하였으나, 근 단공의 정확하고 표준화된 분석은 불가능한 실정이다. 입체 현미경은 치아의 외형을 분석하는데 신뢰성이 있으며, 근단 공을 평가하는데 사용되고 있다 10) . 본 연구에서는 digital camera를 장착한 입체현미경과 image analysis program 을 병용하여 간단하면서도 보다 정확한 측정이 가능하도록 실험하였다.…”