Mortality of drug addicts in the United Kingdom 1967-1993

Ghodse, Hamid; Oyefeso, Adenekan; Kilpatrick, Bridget

doi:10.1093/ije/27.3.473

Cited by 84 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The results are not generalizable to the entire population of Vietnam veterans as our cohort represented a relatively late cohort of Army Vietnam veterans, and did not include officers. The study results, however, are more generalizable than are long-term follow-ups of illicit drug abusers obtained from treatment (Wahren et al, 1997;Ghodse et al, 1998) or criminal justice systems (Hser et al, 1993). Not all deaths were included in the assessment of the predictive utility of self-reported early drug use for mortality, as the measures were unavailable for deaths that occurred prior to the VDUR surveys (see Table 2, footnotes).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-five year mortality of US servicemen deployed in Vietnam: predictive utility of early drug use

Price

Risk

Murray

et al. 2001

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twenty-five year mortality of US servicemen deployed in Vietnam: predictive utility of early drug use

Price

Risk

Murray

et al. 2001

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…[4][5][6] In this population, there has been a reduction in the proportion of deaths from natural causes (cardiopathy, neoplasia, and infectious diseases -excluding STDs and AIDS), at the expense of an increased rate of deaths from external causes (overdoses, accidents, suicides, and homicides).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Causes of death among crack cocaine users

Ribeiro

Dunn

Sesso

et al. 2006

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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A b s t r a c t Objective: The study accompanied 131 crack-cocaine users over a 5-year period, and examined mortality patterns, as well as the causes of death among them. Method: All patients admitted to a detoxification unit in Sao Paulo between 1992 and 1994 were interviewed during two follow-up periods: 1995-1996 and 1998-1999. Results: After 5 years, 124 patients were localized (95%). By the study endpoint (1999), 23 patients (17.6%) had died. Homicide was the most prevalent cause of death (n = 13). Almost one third of the deaths were due to the HIV infection, especially among those with a history of intravenous drug use. Less than 10% died from overdose. Conclusions: The study suggests that the mortality risk among crack cocaine users is greater than that seen in the general population, being homicide and AIDS the most common causes of death among such individuals.Keywords: Crack cocaine; Longitudinal studies; Mortality rate; Cause of death; Substance related disorders Resumo Objetivo: O estudo acompanhou, por cinco anos, um grupo de 131 usuários de crack e observou os padrões de mortalidade, bem como as causas mortis entre esses. Método: Todos os pacientes que se internaram em um serviço de desintoxicação, localizado no município de São Paulo, entre 1992-1994 foram entrevistados em duas ocasiões: 1995-1996 e 1998-1999. Resultados: Após cinco anos, 124 pacientes foram localizados (95%). Vinte e três pacientes (17,6%) haviam morrido ao final do quinto ano de seguimento, sendo os homicídios a causa mortis mais prevalente (n = 13). Quase um terço dos pacientes morreu devido à infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência adquirida (HIV), especialmente aqueles com antecedentes pessoais de uso de drogas endovenosas. Menos de 10% dos pacientes morreu de overdose. Conclusões: O estudo sugere que os usuários de crack têm maior risco de morte do que a população geral, sendo os homicídios e a AIDS as causas mais observadas.Descritores: Cocaína crack; Estudos longitudinais; Coeficiente de mortalidade; Causa da morte; Transtornos relacionados ao uso de substâncias

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“…There have been a few, mainly city-based, studies in Europe [13], but the mortality patterns can be changing substantially and quickly [14][15][16][17] and large-scale cohort studies are needed in different European countries that can provide comparable information about overdose risk. Interpreting mortality statistics and trends in drug use is complex, and unlikely to lead to any firm conclusions without information on overdose risk.…”

Section: Europe: What Do the Data Tell Us?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trends in overdose deaths from drug misuse in Europe: what do the data tell us?

et al. 2008

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Europe: what do the data tell us?During the 1990s the number of drug-related deaths (acute poisonings) in the United Kingdom increased rapidly. Between 1993 and 2000 the number of deaths doubled from 864 to 1662 [1,2], precipitating the recognition that reducing drug misuse deaths was a public health priority [3]. The UK Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs recommended the creation of a new surveillance indicator to follow overdose trends, which was incorporated into the government's drugs strategy. A target was set to reduce deaths related to drug misuse by 20% by 2004 compared to a 1999 baseline [4]. As more than three-quarters of drug-related poisonings in the United Kingdom are opiate-related, expanding drug treatment options, especially methadone maintenance for problem opiate users, was seen as a critical overdose prevention measure [5]. UK and European indicators of drug-related deaths include deaths certified as due to drug use or misuse and include acute poisonings (overdose deaths) based on routine mortality statistics; the indicators exclude other deaths that may have been caused directly or indirectly by drug use but which cannot be attributed readily to drug use within routine statistics (such as infections, other injuries or chronic diseases) [1].Early signs were very encouraging. Between 2001 and 2004, the government investment in specialist drug treatment doubled to over £250 million annually [6]. The volume of methadone prescriptions increased markedly, and there was a drop in the estimated number of deaths per 1000 patient-years treated with methadone [7]. The number of drug misuse deaths fell from 2001, and by 2003 the reduction in drug-related deaths had almost reached the target. However, in 2004 and 2005 there were sharp increases in drug misuse deaths, due largely to heroin overdose, meaning the government's target was not met [8,9].The European context is presented in Fig. 1, which compares trends in overdose deaths in selected European countries with similar population sizes [10]. The figure shows drug misuse deaths per million population from 1993 to 2005 for England and Wales, Italy, Germany and Spain (Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, Bilbao, Seville and Zaragoza only) based on routine mortality statistics. The drug-poisoning mortality rate in these six Spanish cities probably overestimates the rate for Spain overall, but is likely to provide an accurate representation of trends over time.By 2004/05 the drug misuse mortality rates in England and Wales was one of the highest in Europe. However, case definition and data extraction from mortality statistics varies between countries despite there being a common European definition [11], which may explain, in part, the difference in the size of the mortality rates between countries. There have been no changes in the compilation of statistics over time. More illuminating, therefore, and a salutary reminder to policy makers in England and Wales, is the difference in trends over time. In none of the other selected European countries did the ove...

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Mortality of drug addicts in the United Kingdom 1967-1993

Cited by 84 publications

References 6 publications

Twenty-five year mortality of US servicemen deployed in Vietnam: predictive utility of early drug use

Twenty-five year mortality of US servicemen deployed in Vietnam: predictive utility of early drug use

Causes of death among crack cocaine users

Trends in overdose deaths from drug misuse in Europe: what do the data tell us?

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