MOS Area Sensor: Part II - Low-Noise MOS Area Sensor with Antiblooming Photodiodes

Ohba, S.; Nakai, Masato; Ando, H.; Hanamura, S.; Shimda, S.; Satoh, K.; Takahashi, K.; Kubo, M.; Fujita, Takeshi

doi:10.1109/jssc.1980.1051464

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Since such an APS can be fully compatible with existing CMOS processes, they can be fabricated using well-proven and inexpensive standard semiconductor technologies, offering also the promise of low-power operation. One problem is not completely solved yet, similar to the situation about 10 years ago, when noticeable pixel non-uniformities plagued photodiode array image sensors [19]. Since the threshold voltages of the pixel amplifier MOS-FETs are not identical, pixel response nonuniformities result, which need to be corrected.…”

Section: Noise Analysis Summary and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Sensors

Seitz¹,

Knop²

1996

Sensors Update

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Section: Noise Analysis Summary and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Image Sensors

Seitz¹,

Knop²

1996

Sensors Update

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“…However, PPS has some drawbacks, such as being easily affected by wiring noise, which causes lower SNR, and crosstalk, both of which are due to the small amount of obtained signal from each cell. Transistors, such as metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) field-effect transistors [70,71] and TFTs, [72,73] are commonly used as switching devices, while other devices based on diodes have also been reported. The features of each of these devices are briefly described as follows.…”

Section: Passive Pixel Sensor (Pps)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Progress of Flexible Image Sensors for Biomedical Applications

2021

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irradiating X-rays, have become indispensable approaches for diagnosing diseases. [4] Other similar applications may include imaging based on positron emission tomography using gamma rays, [10] deep ultraviolet resonant Raman imaging of a cell, [11] histopathology images using visible light, [12] and electroencephalography through nearinfrared (NIR) light [13] (Figure 1).An image sensor, or an imager, is an essential electronic device that supports such type of bioimaging technology. Image sensors have two main components: single or multiple optical sensors (for detecting light) and circuits (for reading the output from optical sensors). Multiple optical sensors are arranged in an array with specific rows and columns. By reading light signals from the sensors using readout circuits, the spatial and/or temporal distribution-localization of biological information is determined, while its dynamics can be analyzed as an image. Two important applications of such bioimaging techniques are static imaging, which involves techniques, such as X-ray and CT, and dynamic imaging, which concerns object detection such as pulse, [14] blood oxygen levels, [15,16] and blood flow. [17] In static imaging, the imaging speed is not required as only little dynamic movements exist, but it requires high resolution and high sensitivity. Meanwhile, in dynamic imaging, high resolution is not required, but high-speed imaging is essential (Figure 2).Recently, the miniaturization of semiconductor devices has led to the development of imaging devices for wearable electronics. As a typical example, a smartwatch integrates small optical sensors that can continuously monitor biological information, such as pulse, blood pressure, and blood oxygen levels, for the long-term by simply wearing the sensors in direct contact with the skin.The flexibility of image sensors is improving to reduce the discomfort caused by such wearable electronics. Because hard and heavy devices cause relatively high discomfort, their prolonged and continuous use increases the psychological and physical burden on the user. Thus, a flexible imaging device that uses soft materials and thin substrates to reduce the device thickness and weight is an effective approach for load reduction. Further, flexible devices are easier to bend and attach to the bioplane than traditional solid devices. Consequently, problems of inaccuracy or intermittency of data acquisition caused by fluctuations in the physical distance between the target skin surface and the device can be reduced. Therefore, flexible imaging Flexible image sensors have attracted increasing attention as new imaging devices owing to their lightness, softness, and bendability. Since light can measure inside information from outside of the body, optical-imaging-based approaches, such as X-rays, are widely used for disease diagnosis in hospitals. Unlike conventional sensors, flexible image sensors are soft and can be directly attached to a curved surface, such as the skin, for continuous measurement of biometric information wi...

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“…The PPS [67,68] was the first CMOS image sensor available in the market, but its development was discontinued due to factors related with the signal to noise ratio (SNR). Each pixel of a PPS consists basically in a photodiode and a commutation transistor, as it is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Passive Pixel Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(30), the accumulated charge is read through a resistor placed outside of the matrix. Another process would be to use a charge amplifier instead of the resistor [67,68].…”

Section: Passive Pixel Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on X-ray Detectors Based on Scintillators and CMOS Technology

Rocha¹,

Lanceros‐Méndez

2011

EENG

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This article describes the theoretical basis, design and implementation of X-ray microdetectors based on scintillating materials and CMOS technology. The working principle of such microdetectors consists in the absorption of X-rays by scintillators, which produce visible light. The visible light is then detected and converted into electric signals by means of photodetectors. In order to understand such detectors, several issues related to its implementation are presented in this article, namely: Production of X-rays and interaction between them and matter-the first step necessary to the detection of X-rays is that they must be absorbed by some material, in this case by a scintillator; Radiation detectors-there are several types of detectors, namely: pn junctions, photoconductors, based on thermal effects and scintillators; Fabrication of scintillator arrays-after the X-ray radiation is absorbed by a scintillator, this material emits visible light whose intensity is proportional to the total energy of the absorbed X-rays; Optical interfaces between scintillators and photodetectors-the visible light generated by scintillators must arrive to the photodetectors, so, it is necessary to have an interface between the scintillators and the photodetectors that ideally does not introduce losses; Photodetectors and interface electronics-the visible light is absorbed by the photodetectors and converted into electrical signals, which are finally converted into digital images by means of interface electronics. The article presents some promising patents on X-ray detectors based on scintillators and CMOS technology.

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MOS Area Sensor: Part II - Low-Noise MOS Area Sensor with Antiblooming Photodiodes

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Image Sensors

Image Sensors

Recent Progress of Flexible Image Sensors for Biomedical Applications

Review on X-ray Detectors Based on Scintillators and CMOS Technology

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