“…In South America, because of the interest ofmany countries in exportingmelon, watermelon, and other cucurbits, the studies necessary for PRA and classification of A. grandis-free areas began in the mid-1980s (de Cabanilla & Escobar, 1993Aguirre, 1997;Gonzalez & Troncoso, 2007;Guillen & Sanchez, 2007), including Brazil (Araujo et al, 2000). The biology (Silva & Malavasi, 1996;Bolzan et al, 2015Bolzan et al, , 2017, pest-free areas (Nascimento et al, 1993;Malavasi & Zucchi, 2000;Silva et al, 2019a), and regions using systems-approach crop production (Araujo et al, 2009;Montes et al, 2011;Rabelo et al, 2013;Silva et al, 2019b) are well defined. However, the factors limiting the distribution of A. grandis in these regions are still unknown.…”