Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: I. Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding factors influencing the prevalence of microfilaraemia of <i>Wuchereria bancrofti</i> infections

Mataika, J. U.; Dando, B. C.; Spears, G. F. S.; Macnamara, F. N.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400021501

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Testing in 1969 on Taveuni and Koro islands revealed an Mf prevalence of 23% ( N = 947), while in Vanua Levu, it was 13% ( N = 3538). An MDA starting in 1969 in Fiji [ 19 ] once again attempted to control LF using 5 mg/kg of DEC weekly for 6 weeks, followed by treatment with the same dose on a monthly basis over 22 months. This MDA was carried out across the entirety of Fiji for a 2-year cycle in five stages and was completed in 1975, resulting in Mf prevalence in all treated areas decreasing to 1% or less [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997–2007

et al. 2020

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Background Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a major public health problem in the Pacific Region, including in Fiji. Through transmission by the mosquito vector Aedes, Fiji has suffered the burden of remaining endemic with LF despite efforts at elimination prior to 1999. In the year 1999, Fiji agreed to take part in the Pacific Programme for Elimination of LF (PacELF) and the Global Programme to Eliminate LF. Methods This study reviewed and collated past data on LF in Fiji between 1997 and 2007. Sources included published papers as well as unpublished PacELF and WHO program meeting and survey reports. Records were held at Fiji’s Department of Health and Medical Services, James Cook University and the WHO office in Suva, Fiji. Results Baseline surveys between 1997 and 2002 showed that Fiji was highly endemic for LF with an estimated 16.6% of the population antigen positive and 6.3% microfilaria positive at that time. Five rounds of annual mass drug administration (MDA) using albendazole and diethylcarbamazine commenced in 2002. Programmatic coverage reported was 58–70% per year, but an independent coverage survey in 2006 in Northern Division after the fifth MDA suggested that actual coverage may have been higher. Monitoring of the program consisted of antigen prevalence surveys in all ages with sentinel and spot check surveys carried out in 2002 (pre MDA), 2004, and 2005, together with knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys. The stop-MDA survey (C survey) in 2007 was a nationwide stratified cluster survey of all ages according to PacELF guidelines, designed to sample by administrative division to identify areas still needing MDA. The national antigen prevalence in 2007 was reduced by more than a third to 9.5%, ranging from 0.9% in Western Division to 15.4% in Eastern Division, while microfilaria prevalence was reduced by almost four-fifths to 1.4%. Having not reached the target threshold of 1% prevalence in all ages, Fiji wisely decided to continue MDA after 2007 but to move from nationwide implementation to four (later five) separate evaluation units with independent timelines using global guidelines, building on program experience to put more emphasis on increasing coverage through prioritized communication strategies, community participation, and morbidity alleviation. Conclusion Fiji conducted nationwide MDA for LF annually between 2002 and 2006, monitored by extensive surveys of prevalence, knowledge, and coverage. From a high baseline prevalence in all divisions, large reductions in overall and age-specific prevalence were achieved, especially in the prevalence of microfilariae, but the threshold for stopping MDA was not reached. Fiji has a large rural and geographically widespread population, program management was not consistent over this period, and coverage achieved was likely not optimal in all areas. After learning from these many challenges and activities, Fiji was able to build on the progress achieved and the heterogeneity observed in prevalence to realign towards a more stratified and improved program after 2007. The information presented here will assist the country to progress towards validating elimination in subsequent years.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997–2007

et al. 2020

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“…= 95, P < 0001). Data sources: SSA (30 data points): Blanchy & Galtier, 1982: Akogun, 1991Udonsi 1988a, b;Matola, 1985;Wijeyaratne et al 1982;Ripert et al 1982;Kuhlow & Zielke, 1976;Zielke & Chlebowsky, 1979;Brunhes, 1975;Gyapong et al 1993;Brengues, 1975;McMahon et al 1981;Wijers & Kinyanjui, 1977; OAI (33 data points): Ciferri et al 1969;Mataika et al 19716;Rosen, 1955;Beye et al 1953;van Djik, 1961;Cartel et al 1992;Self et al 1978;Barry et al 1971;Schultz, 1988;Wolfe & Aslamkhan, 1972;Rozebroom & Cabrera, 1964, 1965Enarson & Enarson, 1982;Harinasuta et al 1970;Jachowski & Otto, 1955;David & Edeson, 1965;Kazura et al 1984;Tanaka et al 1980;Mahfuddin et al 1977;Ishii et al 1983;McCarthy & Fitzgerald, 1955;Knight et al 1979;Lie, Hudajo & Amaliah, 1960;Symes, 1960;Iyengar et al 1959; IND (33 data points): Bhattacharya & Gubler, 1973;Dondero et al 1976, Jain et al 1989Nair, 1960;Basu ...…”

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confidence: 99%

Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis

1996

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This paper estimates the global burden of lymphatic filariasis based on a review of the published literature on infection and disease surveys. A method for aggregating and projecting prevalence data from individual studies to national, regional and global levels, which also facilitates the estimation of gender and age-specific burdens, is presented. The method weights in favour of the larger, and hence presumbably more reliable, studies and relies on estimated empirical relationships between gender, age, infection and disease in order to correct studies with incomplete data. The results presented here suggest that although the overall prevalence of filariasis cases is 2.0% globally (approximately totalling 119 million cases), the disease continues to be of considerable local importance, particularly in India and Sub-Saharan Africa. Estimates by age and gender clearly show that, unlike other helminth infections, filariasis is mainly a disease of the adult and older age-classes and appears to be more prevalent in males. This work suggests that the derivation of more accurate estimates of the burden of filariasis will require a better understanding of both the epidemiology and the spatial aspects of infection and disease. It also suggests that filariasis is preventable based on a geographically targeted strategy for control.

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“…This lower exposure of Indian women to mosquito bites is reflected in their lower microfilaraemia prevalence. The equal prevalence of dengue antibody in Fijian males and females contrasts with the situation in filariasis, where women are less affected than men (Mataika et al 1971). The reason for the higher prevalence of antibody in males of 'other races' is not clear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

“…II survey in Northern and Southern Vanua Levu, Taveuni and the Lau Islands. For this survey, the field procedures, sampling methods and climatological and social factors involved in the selection of samples have been described elsewhere (Mataika et al 1971). Detailed recording, punch-card sorting and computer analysis made it possible to gain more information from these collections than from the earlier work.…”

Section: Regions Surveyedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Fiji survey was expanded therefore to learn more of the epidemiology of this virus in Fiji, and to maintain surveillance because of the constant threat of the reintroduction of the virus in an epidemic form. More recently studies have been undertaken to compare the epidemiology of dengue with that of filariasis, which in Fiji is almost certainly carried by the same mosquito vectors (Mataika, Dando, Spears & Macnamara, 1971).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: II. Arthropod-borne virus infections

Maguire

Macnamara

Miles

et al. 1971

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYSurveys of arbovirus activity in Fiji were conducted over a 10-year period from December 1959 to December 1969. No arboviruses were isolated from over 200,000 mosquitoes, 9000 ticks, or 575 serum samples. Eight thousand human and 1117 bird, bat and animal sera were tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting arbovirus antibody using a variety of group A, group B and Bunyamwera group antigens. Only a small number of low-titre reactions were found among the non-human sera, but 14 % of all human sera were found to contain Group B antibody. The antibody prevalence increased with increasing age, from less than 1 % for persons born since 1950, to 70 % for persons born before 1900. The age differences in prevalence could be used to estimate the time and size of previous epidemics. Differences were found in antibody prevalence between the sexes, between ethnic groups and between persons from different regions. These differences could be explained in terms of climate, location and custom.Historical and serological evidence both suggest that all the antibody detected was due to past exposure to dengue virus. The very high proportion of the population with no dengue antibody makes Fiji a high-risk area for a further dengue epidemic. Dengue virus is known to be active in the Pacific and South-East Asia.

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Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: I. Filariasis in northern Fiji: epidemiological evidence regarding factors influencing the prevalence of microfilaraemia of Wuchereria bancrofti infections

Cited by 9 publications

References 13 publications

Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997–2007

Lymphatic filariasis in Fiji: progress towards elimination, 1997–2007

Re-assessing the global prevalence and distribution of lymphatic filariasis

Mosquito-borne infections in Fiji: II. Arthropod-borne virus infections

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