“…Research also indicates that most women throughout the world who experience spousal violence do not seek help (Kishor & Johnson, 2004). Those who seek help often do so because of the severity or life-threatening nature of the abuse (Randell, Bledsoe, Shroff, & Pierce, 2012; Spencer, Shahrouri, Halasa, Khalaf, & Clark, 2014; Sylaska & Edwards, 2013). Lacking from this literature, however, is a comprehensive assessment of the role of empowerment in help-seeking for spousal violence.…”