Motility occurring in association with the surface of the Chlamydomonas flagellum.

Bloodgood, Robert A.

doi:10.1083/jcb.75.3.983

Cited by 143 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…In addition to these differing flagella structures, prokaryotes and eukaryotes have adopted both single-and multi-flagellar configurations to generate propulsion. While much research has been conducted on multi-flagellated propulsion and manoeuvrability in prokaryotes, specifically the 'run and tumble' strategy of peritrichous bacteria [7 -9], fewer studies have examined multi-flagellated propulsion in eukaryotes, with the exception of the biflagellated algae Chlamydomonas [10][11][12]. In fact, researchers have recently discovered that Chlamydomonas exhibits a similar 'run and tumble' behaviour, where cells switch from nearly straight swimming to abrupt large reorientations [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking the secrets of multi-flagellated propulsion: drawing insights fromTritrichomonas foetus

Lenaghan

Nwandu-Vincent

Reese

et al. 2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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In this work, a high-speed imaging platform and a resistive force theory (RFT) based model were applied to investigate multi-flagellated propulsion, using Tritrichomonas foetus as an example. We discovered that T. foetus has distinct flagellar beating motions for linear swimming and turning, similar to the 'run and tumble' strategies observed in bacteria and Chlamydomonas. Quantitative analysis of the motion of each flagellum was achieved by determining the average flagella beat motion for both linear swimming and turning, and using the velocity of the flagella as inputs into the RFT model. The experimental approach was used to calculate the curvature along the length of the flagella throughout each stroke. It was found that the curvatures of the anterior flagella do not decrease monotonically along their lengths, confirming the ciliary waveform of these flagella. Further, the stiffness of the flagella was experimentally measured using nanoindentation, allowing for calculation of the flexural rigidity of T. foetus's flagella, 1.55Â10 221 N m 2 . Finally, using the RFT model, it was discovered that the propulsive force of T. foetus was similar to that of sperm and Chlamydomonas, indicating that multi-flagellated propulsion does not necessarily contribute to greater thrust generation, and may have evolved for greater manoeuvrability or sensing. The results from this study have demonstrated the highly coordinated nature of multiflagellated propulsion and have provided significant insights into the biology of T. foetus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking the secrets of multi-flagellated propulsion: drawing insights fromTritrichomonas foetus

Lenaghan

Nwandu-Vincent

Reese

et al. 2014

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…These movements can occur without net membrane rearrangement as typified by the bidirectional movement of surface-attached latex beads on the flagellar membrane of Chlamydomonas (6). More often, membrane movement is unidirectional resulting in net rearrangement of membrane components.…”

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confidence: 99%

Membrane flow during nematode spermiogenesis.

Roberts¹,

Ward²

1982

The Journal of Cell Biology

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Two distinct types of surface membrane rearrangement occur during the differentiation of Caenorhabditis elegans spermatids into amoeboid spermatozoa. The first, detected by the behavior of latex beads attached to the surface, is a nondirected, intermittent movement of discrete portions of the membrane . This movement starts when spermatids are stimulated to differentiate and stops when a pseudopod is formed . The second type of movement is a directed, continual flow of membrane components from the tip of the pseudopod to its base . Both membrane glycoproteins and fluorescent phospholipids inserted in the membrane flow backward at the same rate,^-4 Lm/min, although their lateral diffusion coefficients in the membrane differ by at least a factor of 5 . These observations suggest that pseudopodial membrane movement is due to bulk flow of membrane components away from the tip of the pseudopod.Membrane components move over the surfaces of many cell types, particularly motile cells . These movements can occur without net membrane rearrangement as typified by the bidirectional movement of surface-attached latex beads on the flagellar membrane of Chlamydomonas (6). More often, membrane movement is unidirectional resulting in net rearrangement of membrane components. This is the case for capping of externally cross-linked antigens, lectin receptors and insulin receptors on lymphocytes (23, 24), and for "tipping" of sexual agglutinins on adherent Chlamydomonas gametes (11) . Amoeboid cells exhibit yet another form of directed membrane movement in which surface markers are transported centripetally from the leading edge toward the cell body (1) . Neither the mechanisms underlying these movements nor their physiological significance are understood.In this study, we have examined membrane movements during differentiation of the amoeboid spermatozoa of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. The terminal step in differentiation of these cells is the rapid conversion of spherical, sessile spermatids into polarized, motile spermatozoa. This event can be induced in vitro with the monovalent ion ionophore, monensin (18). It requires extensive cytoplasmic rearrangements : laminar membranes underlying plasma membrane in spermatids accumulate at the base of the pseudopod; membranous organelles (MO) fuse with the plasma membrane; and a pseudopod, which is devoid of organelles but filled with amorphous cytoplasm, extends 3-4 lam from the hemispherical cell body (18,29) .Here, we demonstrate that extensive surface membrane rearrangement accompanies this cytoplasmic differentiation .

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“…The points of adhesion, which are initially randomly located along the length of the flagella, become localized at the flageilar tips. Although the mechanism for the realignment of flagellar adhesions is poorly understood, it may involve the same surface motile system (flagellar surface motility) that has been shown to permit paralyzed flagellar mutant ceils to glide over their substratum (15) or to rapidly move (2 #m/s) latex microspheres up and down the surface of the flagellum (2,3). Concomitant with the localization of adhesion points at flageilar tips, the tips undergo a change from a tapered to a bulbous morphology (16).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Lidocaine reversibly inhibits fertilization in Chlamydomonas: a possible role for calcium in sexual signalling.

Snell¹,

Buchanan²,

Clausell³

1982

The Journal of Cell Biology

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A flagellar adhesion-induced signal sent during the mating reaction of the biflagellate alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, initiates release of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, activation of mating structures, and cell fusion. The nature of this signal is unknown, but it may be mediated by an adhesion-induced change (activation) of flagellar tips. The studies reported here show that lidocaine, a local anesthetic that is reported to interfere with the movement of divalent cations across cell membranes, reversibly blocks cell wall loss and gametic fusion without blocking adhesion or flagellar tip activation. In these experiments lidocaine inhibited both the initial rates and the extent of wall loss and zygote formation. Studies with gametes of a paralyzed flagellar mutant, pf 17, revealed that lidocaine also blocked flagellar surface motility (visualized as movement of polystyrene beads) at concentrations of the inhibitor which also prevented gametic fusion. The concentration of lidocaine required to block cell fusion was dependent on the concentration of calcium or magnesium in the medium. In the absence of added calcium, 0.5 mM lidocaine inhibited fusion by 70%. In 0.5 mM calcium, 0.5 mM lidocaine had no effect on fusion and 2 mM lidocaine was required for 90% inhibition. The results suggest that divalent cations may play a critical role in sexual signalling in Chlamydomonas.

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Motility occurring in association with the surface of the Chlamydomonas flagellum.

Abstract: Chlamydomonas flagella exhibit a previously undescribed form of motility. This is the rapid, bidirectional, saltatory movement of marker particles occurring in association with the extracellular surface of the flagellum.KEY WORDS motility 9 cell surface flagella 9 Chlamydomonas

Cited by 143 publications

References 26 publications

Unlocking the secrets of multi-flagellated propulsion: drawing insights fromTritrichomonas foetus

Unlocking the secrets of multi-flagellated propulsion: drawing insights fromTritrichomonas foetus

Membrane flow during nematode spermiogenesis.

Lidocaine reversibly inhibits fertilization in Chlamydomonas: a possible role for calcium in sexual signalling.

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