“…The process of tissue freezing requires continuous monitoring of the ice ball volume during cryoprobe application, aimed at complete freezing of the region of interest and preventing the damage of healthy adjacent tissues. Various approaches are applied for this purpose, including visualization by ultrasound (US) [21,28,29], magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) [30][31][32], computed tomography (CT) [16,[33][34][35], and temperature measurements [36,37]. While MRI and CT remain expensive and are quite hard to be integrated into surgical workflow, US is more available, but less accurate and needs additional US-sensor placed aside to the cryoprobe.…”