“…- (2) Effort includes perseverance, regularity, delayed reward, control over time and situation, related to internal attribution on achievements (e.g., Correa, 2006 ; Mondragón et al, 2017 ; Muñoz, 2022 ; Pintrich et al, 2004 ; Weinstein et al, 2002 ), and academic achievement (Ahmad, 2019 ; Naz et al, 2020 ). Causal attributions appear as primary elements of performance and achievement motivation (Ramudo et al, 2017 ; Weiner, 2004 ) affecting the student’s expectations on their effort and are learned through past experience or personal, family, and academic conditions regarding success or failure (Barca-Lozano et al, 2019 ; Fernández de Mejía et al, 2015 ; González-Pienda et al, 2000 ; Ramudo et al, 2017 ).
- (3) Autonomy includes the student’s active search and integration of a variety of learning sources, the development of their own theories, and the pursuit of evidence and coherence of their theories and applications (e.g., Beltrán et al, 2006 ; Jiménez et al, 2018 ; Kolb & Kolb, 2005 ).
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