Motor Learning-Dependent Synaptogenesis Is Localized to Functionally Reorganized Motor Cortex

Kleim, Jeffrey A.; Barbay, Scott; Cooper, Natalie R.; Hogg, Theresa M.; Reidel, Chelsea N.; Remple, Michael S.; Nudo, Randolph J.

doi:10.1006/nlme.2000.4004

Cited by 428 publications

(285 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Therefore, it seems likely that some of the increased slope of the IOcurve in musicians relates to changes in motor cortical organization. Effects on the cortex are consistent with animal studies showing that the late phase of motor skill learning is associated with increases in the number of synapses in the corresponding area of the motor cortex (Kleim et al, 2002(Kleim et al, , 2004. The increased gray matter density found in MR images of musicians' brains suggests that a similar process occurs in them.…”

Section: Differences Of Baseline Excitability In Non-musicians and Musupporting

confidence: 85%

Motorcortical Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Is Enhanced in Professional Musicians

Rosenkranz¹,

Williamon²,

Rothwell³

2007

J. Neurosci.

220

208

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Musicians not only have extraordinary motor and sensory skills, but they also have an increased ability to learn new tasks compared with non-musicians. We examined how these features are expressed in neurophysiological parameters of excitability and plasticity in the motor system by comparing the results of 11 professional musicians and 8 age-matched non-musicians. Parameters of motor excitability were assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to measure motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) together with recruitment of corticospinal projections [input-output curve (IOcurve)] and of short-latency intracortical inhibition (SICIcurve). Plasticity, here defined as change of synaptic effectiveness, was tested by measuring MEPs and IOcurves after paired associative stimulation (PAS), which consists of an electric median nerve stimulus repeatedly paired (200 times at 0.25Hz) with a TMS pulse over the hand motor area. ). Additionally, PAS25 increased and PAS10 decreased the MEP amplitudes and the slope of the IOcurves significantly more in musicians than in non-musicians. This is consistent with a wider modification range of synaptic plasticity in musicians. Together with the steeper recruitment of corticospinal excitatory and intracortical inhibitory projections, this suggests that they regulate plasticity and excitability with a higher gain than normal. Because some of these changes depend on age at which instrumental playing commenced and on practice intensity, they may reflect an increase in number and modifiability of synapses within the motor area caused by long-term musical practice. Using an interstimulus interval of 25 ms (PAS25) or 10 ms (PAS10), this leads to long-term potentiation-or long-term depression-like plasticity, respectively. Musicians showed steeper recruitment of MEPs and SICI (IOcurve and SICIcurve

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Section: Differences Of Baseline Excitability In Non-musicians and Musupporting

confidence: 85%

Motorcortical Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Is Enhanced in Professional Musicians

Rosenkranz¹,

Williamon²,

Rothwell³

2007

J. Neurosci.

220

208

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…High-repetition motor practice has been associated with neural plasticity and may improve skill performance. 50 The high target of 3 hours of active game play per day chosen for this study, based on treatment-time dosing of traditional in-clinic CI therapy, 21,24 was not achieved by most participants. Upper extremity activity is nearly continuous and, at times, fast-paced while playing Recovery Rapids, whereas traditional CI therapy includes frequent breaks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-Home Delivery of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy via Virtual Reality Gaming

Borstad

Crawfis

Phillips

et al. 2018

Journal of Patient-Centered Research and Reviews

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“…Its significance for development, as well as for recovery after brain injury, is increasingly recognized (Buitrago et al, 2004a;Costa et al, 2004;Luft et al, 2004;Flöel et al, 2005;Rösser and Flöel, 2008). Although the motor cortex is arguably the primary motor structure and is essential for performance of skilled movement (Kleim et al, 2002(Kleim et al, , 2004, motor skill learning has also been linked to cerebellar function and to other cortical (Kleim et al, 2007) and striatal (Packard and Knowlton, 2002;Willuhn and Steiner, 2008) influences. Presented data reveal that the presence of G-CSF is vital for the effective formation of motor skill.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in the Healthy Brain: A Characterization of G-CSF-Deficient Mice

Diederich¹,

Sevimli²,

Dörr³

et al. 2009

J. Neurosci.

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Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a hematopoietic growth factor that controls proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. Although recent studies have begun to explore G-CSF-related mechanisms of action in various disease models, little is known about its function in the healthy brain. In the present study, the effect of G-CSF deficiency on memory formation and motor skills was investigated. The impact of G-CSF deficiency on the structural integrity of the hippocampus was evaluated by analyzing the generation of doublecortin-expressing cells, the amount of bromodeoxyurine-labeled cells, the dendritic complexity in hippocampal neurons, the binding densities of NMDA and GABA A receptors and the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP). G-CSF deficiency caused a disruption in memory formation and in the development of motor skills. These impairments were associated with reduced ligand binding densities of NMDA receptors in hippocampal subfields CA3 and the dentate gyrus. The reduced excitation was potentiated by increased ligand binding densities of GABA A receptors resulting in a relative shift in favor of inhibition and impaired behavioral performance. These alterations were accompanied by impaired induction of LTP in the CA1 region. Moreover, G-CSF deficiency led to decreased dendritic complexity in hippocampal neurons in the dentate gyrus and the CA1 region. G-CSF deficiency also caused a reduction of neuronal precursor cells in the dentate gyrus. These findings confirm G-CSF as an essential neurotrophic factor, and point to a role in the proliferation, differentiation and functional integration of neural cells necessary for the structural and functional integrity of the hippocampal formation.

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Motor Learning-Dependent Synaptogenesis Is Localized to Functionally Reorganized Motor Cortex

Cited by 428 publications

References 51 publications

Motorcortical Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Is Enhanced in Professional Musicians

Motorcortical Excitability and Synaptic Plasticity Is Enhanced in Professional Musicians

In-Home Delivery of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy via Virtual Reality Gaming

The Role of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) in the Healthy Brain: A Characterization of G-CSF-Deficient Mice

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