Motor Vehicle Exhaust at Three Selected Sites

Particulate Matter Associated with Vehicles on the Road. II

“…Table 9 hsts the results. The motor-vehicle primary-part~culate contribution to urban-air particulate mass is -11% (-9 pg/m3) on the average, in reasonable agreement with other estimates (e.g., 11%; Larsen, 1966), 18% (Larsen, 1966;Conlee et al, 1967;Hammerle and Pierson, 1975), 8"/,-23% (Kleinman -et al, 1980). The urban-air species most influenced by primary vehicle particulate matter are, in order, Br, Pb, H, C, Ba, Mn, Sr, Mg, Ca, C1, I, and P.Al1 of the rest are broadly comparable, with only minimal (0%4%) vehicle contributions.…”

“…Second, attempts have been made in some cases, but not in others, to correct for the soil component, which in any event should differ a good deal between the tunnel studies and the open-road studies. Finally, some species are changing with time and thus some differences are real, e.g., Mn in the present work versus the Sumner Tunnel work (Larsen and Konopski, 1962;Larsen, 1966;Conlee et al, 1967) 20 yr ago. The declining use of Pb in gasoline (Figure 10) means that the numbers in Table 8, being ratios to Pb, should show an upward trend with time.…”

“…Using these data together with size distributions of the constituents and analysis of fuels, motor oils, and local soil, we endeavor to account for the identified constituents as to origin. We compare our results with some vehicle field experiments by other (Larsen and Konopinski, 1962;Larsen, 1966;Conlee et al, 1967;Cahill and Feeney, 1973;Gordon et al, 1973Gordon et al, , 1974Gordon et al, , 1975Feeney et a]., 1975;Ondov, 1975;Hollowell et al, 1976Hollowell et al, , 1977Giauque, 1977;Kowalczyk et al, 1978;Dzubay et al, 1979;Kowalczyk, 1979;Ondov et al, 1981;Kiyoura, 1980) authors; and we estimate the contribution of vehicle particulate emissions to atmospheric concentrations of various species. Studies on the organic particulate material will be presented in another paper.…”

“…We base our estimate on the 1977 Tuscarora data (1979 Allegheny, in the case of the extractable organics) and on pblished data for Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Toronto, Charleston West Virginia, Chicago, East Chicago, St. Louis, Denver, Houston, Tucson, Pasadena, California, San Francisco, and Portland, Oregon (Larsen and Konopinski, 1962;Conlee et al, 1967;Dams et al, 1970;Friedlander, 1973;John et al, 1973;Gatz, 1975;Hammerle and Pierson, 1975;Hopke et al, 1976;Paciga and Jervis, 1976;Moyers et al, 1977;Stevens et al, 1978Stevens et al, , 1979Kowalczyk, 1979;Pierson and Russell, 1979;Countess et al, 1980;Lewis and Macias, 1980;Ondov et al, 1981;Shah et al, 1981). We first adjust the Tuscarora data to a traffic con~position of 5"/, diesels to be more representative of the United States generally.…”

Measurement and Three-Dimensional Modeling of Airflow and Pollutant Dispersion in an Undersea Traffic Tunnel

“…[1][2][3][4][5] The air quality in a tunnel environment easily deteriorates if the air pollutants emitted from the vehicles are not promptly diluted because a traffic tunnel is an enclosed or a partially enclosed space. The situation becomes worse during traffic jams when more pollutants are emitted at low vehicle speeds and pollutants accumulate in the tunnel.…”