“…Metabolites, typified in the in vivo metabolism of ketoconazole, ciprofloxacin, the inotropic agent , and the phenothiazine derivative perazine, include carbinolamine, amide, ring-opened, and N-oxidation products (Breyer, 1972;Gau et al, 1986;Miyamoto et al, 1988;Whitehouse et al, 1994). The hydroxylamine intermediate, formed by oxidation of the secondary amine, if present, is rarely observed in vivo for piperazines or other nitrogen-containing alicycles.…”