Moving beyond the urban/rural cleavage: Measuring values and policy preferences across residential zones in Canada

Sexual Orientation Wage Gaps across Local Labour Market Contexts: Evidence from Canada

“…There are a number of potential mechanisms that underlie these patterns. One candidate is attitudinal differences towards homosexuality across metropolitan/ non-metropolitan areas (Cutler and Jenkins, 2001;McGrane, Berdahl and Bell, 2017). In research on sexual orientation wage gaps, discrimination, whether conscious or unconscious, looms as a possible factor underlying wage penalties.…”

“…To answer these questions, we use data on same-and opposite-sex couples from the 2006 Census of Canada, the first since the federal recognition of samesex marriage in Canada, and thus the first to nationally enumerate married and common-law same-sex couples. 1 We contrast the experiences of men and women in same-sex couples relative to heterosexual men in five places: Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and other metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Canada; areas that vary in terms of density of the sexual minority population, attitudes towards homosexuality, and labour market characteristics (Cutler and Jenkins, 2001;Heisz et al, 2005;McGrane, Berdahl and Bell, 2017). At the same time, each of these areas is subject to both federal and provincial anti-discrimination legislation outlined in the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and provincial human rights codes that prohibit discrimination in employment on the basis of sexual orientation-meaning that observed differences in pay gaps are not confounded with profound differences in policy environments.…”

Motivations for Mobilization: Comparing Urban and Suburban Residents’ Participation in the Politics of Planning and Development

“…Comparisons of suburban and urban residents' voting behavior in Canada and the United States reinforce the notion that suburbanites are conservative and reactionary, and that they differ from urban residents. In Canada, McGrane, Berdahl, and Bell (2017) found that suburbanites were more socially conservative than their central city counterparts, while Walks (2004) found that suburban and urban voters differed on a number of issues related to economic conservativism. In the United States, Williamson (2008) found a relationship between living in suburbs (areas with younger housing stock and reliance on cars) and voting Republican or holding a more conservative ideology.…”

“…The perception of suburban residents as distinct creatures shaped by their environment and a unique ethos when compared with your average urbanite has persisted in academic literature since at least the 1950s-see for instance Whyte's (1956) classic depiction of suburbanites in The Organization Man; or, more recently, Filion's (2018) description of suburbanite culture in the Greater Toronto Area, and Fischel's (2015) characterization of homeowner dominated suburbs in Zoning Rules! Modern scholars continue to study this difference, particularly as it relates to ideology and voting behavior (see for instance Gainsborough 2005;McGrane, Berdahl, and Bell 2017;Walks 2004;Williamson 2008).…”

Does Issue Alignment Matter? The Electoral Cost and Reward of Agricultural Representation in Urban and Rural Areas

“…The rural-urban divide now represents geographic differences: a segregation of prospering cities and the declining periphery (Deegan-Krause, 2007;Ford and Jennings, 2020). Differences in social structural status, employment as well as sociocultural values and beliefs result in differences in attitudes towards domestic social issues (Kelly and Lobao, 2019), economic development (Harriss and Moore, 2017), political engagement (Thananithichot, 2012), the level of euroscepticism (Schoene, 2019) and importantly, political preferences (Clem and Craumer, 2002;Evans, 2006;Mcgrane et al, 2017;Rodden, 2019).…”