Moving to mate: the evolution of separate and combined sexes in multicellular organisms

Eppley, Sarah M.; Jesson, Linley K.

doi:10.1111/j.1420-9101.2008.01524.x

Cited by 85 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…The frequency of evolutionary transitions to and from gonochorism varies between taxonomic groups [58][59][60][61], and, interestingly, one study even suggests that hermaphroditism is ancestral to gonochorism among metazoans [62]. Various phenomena have recently been suggested as the drivers of such transitions [59,62,63], but, to my knowledge, very little is known about the proximate genetic mechanisms enabling a transition. Better knowledge of standing levels of sexually antagonistic genetic variation should therefore be highly relevant to our understanding of such transitions.…”

Section: Sex Allocation and Evolutionary Transitions In Simultaneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Transitions to gonochorism should happen when there is linkage between sexually antagonistic alleles and loci for sex allocation, leading to the evolution of proto-sex chromosomes [16]. The frequency of evolutionary transitions to and from gonochorism varies between taxonomic groups [58][59][60][61], and, interestingly, one study even suggests that hermaphroditism is ancestral to gonochorism among metazoans [62]. Various phenomena have recently been suggested as the drivers of such transitions [59,62,63], but, to my knowledge, very little is known about the proximate genetic mechanisms enabling a transition.…”

Section: Sex Allocation and Evolutionary Transitions In Simultaneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals

Abbott

2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Intra-locus sexual conflict results when sex-specific selection pressures for a given trait act against the intra-sexual genetic correlation for that trait. It has been found in a wide variety of taxa in both laboratory and natural populations, but the importance of intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic organisms has rarely been considered. This is not so surprising given the conceptual and theoretical association of intra-locus sexual conflict with sexual dimorphism, but there is no a priori reason why intra-locus sexual conflict cannot occur in hermaphroditic organisms as well. Here, I discuss the potential for intra-locus sexual conflict in hermaphroditic animals and review the available evidence for such conflict, and for the existence of sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphrodites. I argue that mutations with asymmetric effects are particularly likely to be important in mediating sexual antagonism in hermaphroditic organisms. Moreover, sexually antagonistic genetic variation is likely to play an important role in inter-individual variation in sex allocation and in transitions to and from gonochorism (separate sexes) in simultaneous hermaphrodites. I also describe how sequential hermaphrodites may experience a unique form of intra-locus sexual conflict via antagonistic pleiotropy. Finally, I conclude with some suggestions for further research.

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Section: Sex Allocation and Evolutionary Transitions In Simultaneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sex Allocation and Evolutionary Transitions In Simultaneous mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals

Abbott

2010

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…Since the ML tree contained several polytomies, 100 trees with randomly resolved polytomies were created using MESQUITE v. 2.71 [44] with branch lengths of 0.0001 [41,45]. The 100 trees gave very similar log-likelihoods, in the case of both the unrestricted (i.e.…”

Section: (A) Sexual Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive evolution of sexual systems in pedunculate barnacles

et al. 2011

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How and why diverse sexual systems evolve are fascinating evolutionary questions, but few empirical studies have dealt with these questions in animals. Pedunculate (gooseneck) barnacles show such diversity, including simultaneous hermaphroditism, coexistence of dwarf males and hermaphrodites (androdioecy), and coexistence of dwarf males and females (dioecy). Here, we report the first phylogenetically controlled test of the hypothesis that the ultimate cause of the diverse sexual systems and presence of dwarf males in this group is limited mating opportunities for non-dwarf individuals, owing to mating in small groups. Within the pedunculate barnacle phylogeny, dwarf males and females have evolved repeatedly. Females are more likely to evolve in androdioecious than hermaphroditic populations, suggesting that evolution of dwarf males has preceded that of females in pedunculates. Both dwarf males and females are associated with a higher proportion of solitary individuals in the population, corroborating the hypothesis that limited mating opportunities have favoured evolution of these diverse sexual systems, which have puzzled biologists since Darwin.

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“…90% of plant genera (Renner and Ricklefs 1995). Although models for the evolution of anisogamy have tended to assume gonochorism (e.g., Parker et al 1972;Lessells et al 2009; Lehtonen and Kokko 2011;Togashi and Cox 2011), which of these "sexual systems" is actually ancestral remains an open question (Ghiselin 1969;Eppley and Jesson 2008;Iyer and Roughgarden 2008;Ryan et al 2013;Riesgo et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Conflict in Hermaphrodites

Schärer¹,

Janicke²,

Ramm³

2014

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

106

142

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Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and differences in the way in which they experience, and respond to, sexual conflict compared to separate-sexed organisms. Here, we focus on clarifying how sexual conflict concepts can be adapted to apply to all anisogamous sexual systems and review unique (or especially important) aspects of sexual conflict in hermaphroditic animals. These include conflicts over the timing of sex change in sequential hermaphrodites, and in simultaneous hermaphrodites, over both sex roles and the postmating manipulation of the sperm recipient by the sperm donor. Extending and applying sexual conflict thinking to hermaphrodites can identify general evolutionary principles and help explain some of the unique reproductive diversity found among animals exhibiting this widespread but to date understudied sexual system.

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Moving to mate: the evolution of separate and combined sexes in multicellular organisms

Cited by 85 publications

References 67 publications

Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals

Intra-locus sexual conflict and sexually antagonistic genetic variation in hermaphroditic animals

Adaptive evolution of sexual systems in pedunculate barnacles

Sexual Conflict in Hermaphrodites

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