MRI-visible polymer based on poly(methyl methacrylate) for imaging applications

Abstract

Macromolecular contrast agents are very attractive to afford efficient magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) visualization of implantable medical devices.

Polymerizable Gd(iii) building blocks for the synthesis of high relaxivity macromolecular MRI contrast agents

“…4 An exciting prospect in MRI CA design is the development of macromolecular systems that possess signicantly higher relaxivities. Numerous strategies have been pursued, [5][6][7][8] including the conjugation of one or several Gd(III) complexes to polymers, [9][10][11][12] dendrimers, [13][14][15][16][17][18] micelles [19][20][21][22][23] or nanoparticles, [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] or via the non-covalent association with biomolecules (e.g. serum albumin protein) 32,33 or nano-assembled capsules.…”

“…However, the use of exible linkers permits local motion of the paramagnetic centre, limiting the degree of coupling with the more slowly tumbling polymer. [9][10][11][12]38 A further challenge involves the development of new methods to control the macromolecular size, structure and shape, as this could lead to well-dened second spheres of hydration, whilst allowing fast-inner sphere water exchange. The majority of polymeric CAs are prepared by classical conjugation of appropriate ligands to a polymer bearing reactive pendant groups (e.g.…”

Protein‐Polymer Bioconjugates Prepared by Post‐Polymerization Modification of Alternating Copolymers

“…3azidopropylamine was synthesized as previously described (see supporting information). [32] Characterization Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: 1 H NMR spectra were recorded on a Bruker spectrometer (AMX300) operating at 300 MHz. Chemical shifts were referenced to the peak of residual non-deuterated solvents.…”

“…Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol) amine (Mn=2 000 g.mol −1 ) was purchased from creative PEGWorks. 3‐azidopropylamine was synthesized as previously described (see supporting information) [32] …”

Chemical Modifications of Porous Shape Memory Polymers for Enhanced X-ray and MRI Visibility

“…The most common manifestation of this approach involves MR contrast agents, most often gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), incorporated into the device in some manner to utilize the T 1 -shortening effects of these agents [ 20 , 21 ]. Younis et al grafted a GBCA onto a poly (methyl methacrylate)-based copolymer which was ultimately utilized as a coating for a polypropylene mesh [ 22 ]. Other approaches for MR visibility in medical devices include incorporating other paramagnetic components; for example, Brocker et al investigated the use of iron oxide woven into a polypropylene mesh material to achieve MRI visibility in devices [ 23 ].…”