mRNA Expression of EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 in Oil Palm Leaves (Elaeis guineesisJacq.) after Treatment withGanoderma boninensePat. andTrichoderma harzianumRifai

Abstract

Background. Basal stem rot (BSR) disease caused by the fungus Ganoderma boninense is the most serious disease affecting the oil palm; this is because the disease escapes the early disease detection. The biocontrol agent Trichoderma harzianum can protect the disease only at the early stage of the disease. In the present study, the expression levels of three oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) chitinases encoding EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 at 2, 5, and 8 weeks inoculation were measured in oil palm leaves from plants treated with G. boninense or T. harzianum alone or both. Methods. The five-month-old oil palm seedlings were treated with Gano-wood blocks inoculum and trichomulch. Expression of EgCHI1, EgCHI2, and EgCHI3 in treated leaves tissue was determined by real-time PCR. Results. Oil palm chitinases were not strongly expressed in oil palm leaves of plants treated with G. boninense alone compared to other treatments. Throughout the 8-week experiment, expression of EgCHI1 increased more than 3-fold in leaves of plants treated with T. harzianum and G. boninense when compared to those of control and other treated plants. Conclusion. The data illustrated that chitinase cDNA expression varied depending on tissue and the type of treatment.

The chitinase activity of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) roots against fungal endophytes and pathogenic Ganoderma boninense

“…However, the plant chitinase activity was observed to be much higher when singly infected with Ganoderma boninense. The chitinase activity in the oil palm induced by T. harzianum might work as a plant defense mechanism against pathogenic infection (Naher et al, 2012a). The class 2 and 3 of chitinase gene on the oil palm leaves showed the highest expression, 2 weeks after inoculation with T. harzianum, higher than the inoculation of G. boninense and combination of T. harzianum and G. boninense.…”

Locally Isolated Trichoderma harzianum Species Have Broad Spectrum Biocontrol Activities against the Wood Rot Fungal Species through Both Volatile Inhibition and Mycoparasitism

“…There are also reports of Trichoderma species used to control various wood rot fungal species, such as Ganoderma sp. [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], Rigidoporus microporus [ 17 ], Phellinus noxius [ 18 ], and Lasiodiplodia theobromae [ 19 , 20 ]. Two Trichoderma species were tested in preventing wood decay after inoculation into pruning wounds of Benin mahogany and Rain Tree [ 21 ] in Singapore.…”

Some new solutions of the (1+1)-dimensional PDE via the improved (G′/G)-expansion method

“…For instance, Hamad et al [18] applied this method to solve higher dimensional potential YTSF equation for obtaining exact solutions. Naher and Abdullah [19] investigated the combined KdVMKdV equation to establish analytical solutions via this method while they [20] studied the (2+1)-dimensional modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation for obtaining traveling wave solutions by applying the same method. Naher et al [21] solved the compound KdV-Burgers equation via this method and so on.…”