MRS, EDXRF and GC–MS analysis for research on the ritual and funerary areas of Cerro de los Vientos (Baeza, Jaén, Spain). Native and Eastern Mediterranean influences

Sánchez, Alberto J.; Tuñón, José; Parras, D.; Montejo, Manuel; Chica, Miguel Ángel Lechuga; Ceprián, Bautista; Soto, Marcos; Luque, Álvaro

doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102026

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Three Raman spectrometers were used for the analysis of the samples: two laboratory equipments and one portable for samples bigger than the microscope measurement chamber available in the laboratory equipments. All the equipment and the experimental parameters are described in Tuñón et al 68 and Sánchez et al 70 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The colours of Rome in the walls of Cástulo (Linares, Spain)

Tuñón

Sánchez

Parras

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Wall paintings have become one of the most relevant, complex and challenging research subjects in Archaeometry. Minimally-or non-invasive, accurate and multidisciplinary methods are needed to successfully address the problems posed by their physical and chemical properties and by their analysis techniques. Specifically, the analytical method implemented for the study of this type of samples must enable a precise separation of the chemical information from backgrounds and scenes, allowing the identification of pigment's components in overlapping layers, the detection of minority components and the elucidation of pigment mixtures. thus, this paper puts forward a multidisciplinary approach towards these goals by means of the combined use of micro energy Dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µeDXRf) surface mapping and single-spot micro-Raman spectroscopy and µeDXRf analysis. the samples under research come from the site of cástulo (Linares, Spain), one of the most important Roman cities in the iberian peninsula. it must be emphasized the uniqueness of the walls of Cástulo, their optimal conservation state and the richness and variety of the colour's palette used in their decoration, which make them an excellent and representative example of Roman wall paintings. The Roman immovable and movable heritage of Europe is outstanding not only in terms of quantity but also of quality. As a research subject, it pursues both historical reconstruction and the design of preservation and restoration strategies and diagnostic procedures. It is, thus, a major area of development for archaeometric analysis, especially as regards spectroscopy. Wall paintings are particularly remarkable in this regard. A major component in the decoration of public and private buildings, it is one of the most attractive heritage goods of museums and sites. Research on wall paintings and on their preservation is a source of archaeometric projects intended to retrieve as much information as possible with the least possible alteration or damage to such rich and invaluable decoration. Wall paintings have typically been researched based on simple decorative patterns or on single-spot analysis of samples, sometimes amounting to just a few. In most cases, the aim was the identification of the pigments and the binders used 1-4 , a better knowledge of how the paintings were made 5-7 , and proper understanding of the processes that may damage the painted surfaces 8-11. The results obtained are often under the influence of the specific properties of the paint layers, of the raw materials used and of the limitations of the analytical techniques used. This paper therefore sets out to put forward and test a chemical analysis procedure for general use in research on wall paintings. The paper relies on research on a wide gamut of colours, on a significant number of samples, and on the experience gained from addressing a range of difficulties found for the use of certain techniques and posed by the properties of the pigments under research. Methodological improvements are ma...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This technique was applied according to the method described in Sánchez et al 70 . An energy dispersive X-ray microfluorescence spectrometer (M4 Tornado, Bruker Nano) was used for this paper (CICT, University of Jaén).…”

Section: Micro Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (µEdxrf)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The colours of Rome in the walls of Cástulo (Linares, Spain)

Tuñón

Sánchez

Parras

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…[5] However, these were not widespread until the Iron Age (VII-II BC), appearing first on coastal settlements inhabited or influenced by the Phoenician and Punic cultures, such as Son Mons (Mallorca, Spain) [6] or Puig dels Molins (Ibiza, Spain). [7] Then, glass pieces spread into the peninsular interior, where glass beads have been recovered in domestic contexts such as Cerro de los Vientos (Baeza, Jaen, Spain), [8] Tutugi (Galera, Granada, Spain), [9] or even to the north of the Central system mountain range on the archaeological sites of Cerro de San Vicente (Salamanca, Spain) [10] or Numancia (Soria, Spain). [1] Finally, the investigations developed in the Pintia site (Padilla de Duero, Valladolid), a settlement in the Vaccean territory that spread over the river Duero basin from the IV to the I centuries BC, [11,12] have produced an important collection of glass pieces, reaching about 600 pieces by 2018, which makes Pintia the most important archaeological site in terms of glass beads in the interior of the Iberian Peninsula.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…[27] Regarding the Iberian Peninsula, RS has only been employed to study the pre-Roman glass beads found in the archaeological sites of Tutugi (Galera, Granada, Spain) [9] and Cerro de los Vientos (Baeza, Jaen, Spain). [8] On the one hand, a polychrome piece of glass recovered in Tutugi studied by RS showed the use of Naples yellow as pigment on the yellow areas, whereas no information about the pigments on the blue areas or the glass network was attempted to be obtained by RS. [9] On the other hand, seven blue glass beads found at Cerro de los Vientos were studied by RS.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, the technique was only employed to confirm the soda-lime composition, with no additional insights on the glass network, and potential pigments (Co, and Egyptian blue) were suggested from complementary elemental composition analysis. [8] A few additional achaeometric studies about glass beads on the Iberian Peninsula have been performed through elemental compositional analysis using X-ray fluorescence, [1] LA-ICP-MS analysis, [6] or environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyzers. [1,28] These studies aim to yield correlations between the contents in formers (SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 ), fluxes (Na 2 O, K 2 O), and stabilizers (CaO, MgO, MnO, PbO, TiO 2 , Fe 2 O 3 ), which determine the properties and could help narrowing the provenance of glasses and vitreous pastes.…”

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Investigating glass beads and the funerary rituals of ancient Vaccaei culture (S. IV‐I BC) by Raman spectroscopy

Pinto

Prieto

Coria-Noguera

et al. 2020

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Glass pieces were highly appreciated goods in the Protohistory of the Iberian Peninsula. The specialized production of these glass pieces seems noncompatible with local workshops, and therefore, they are proof of commercial relationships with other cultures with the technical capability to produce such pieces. However, detailed studies of glass beads of archaeological relevance are scarce, as these samples usually appeared without a clear historical context. Nevertheless, the archaeological site of Pintia (Padilla de Duero, Valladolid, Spain) is a relevant exception to this situation. About 600 pieces have been recovered by 2018, with a significant percentage found in closed tombs. In this work, a set of 15 representative pieces from the Vaccaei culture (IV‐I centuries BC) have been studied by Raman spectroscopy and ESEM/EDX. The combination of both techniques provided valuable information about the fabrication of these samples, identifying diverse features that could be related to different workshops or origins. In particular, the characteristics of a sophisticated bifacial pendant were found to be compatible with their provenance from Carthage. Also, some of the pigments employed on these samples were identified by Raman spectroscopy, finding lead oxides, calcium antimoniate, hematite, and Naples yellow. The diverse trousseaus and viatic offerings found in the Vaccaei tombs show the relevance and complexity of the funerary cremation rituals in their culture. The study by Raman spectroscopy of well‐preserved and thermally altered glass beads found in the same tomb allowed estimating the maximum temperature reached during the cremation in about 600°C, which confirmed previous estimations derived from the state of conservation of the bone remains.

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