MS‐2 and poliovirus transport in porous media: Hydrophobic effects and chemical perturbations

Bales, R. C.; Li, Shimin; Maguire, Kimberly M.; Yahya, Moyasar T.; Gerba, Charles P.

doi:10.1029/92wr02986

Cited by 148 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Because quartz sand is negatively charged in source water (IEP = ~2.2), and MS2 is more negatively charged than phiX-174, MS2 experiences higher repulsion at pH = 7. Bales et al [56,57] also demonstrated that phiX-174 and poliovirus exhibit similar removal through sand columns due to their shared IEP of 6.6.…”

Section: Chapter 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal

et al. 2011

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Laboratory studies were performed to determine if the addition of iron oxides throughout biosand filter (BSF) media would increase virus removal due to adsorption.The proposed mechanism is electrostatic adsorption of negatively charged virion particles to positively charged iron oxides formed during the corrosion of zerovalent iron. Initial tests conducted using continuous flow, small-scale glass columns showed high MS2 bacteriophage removal in an iron-amended sand column (5-log 10 ) compared to a sand only column (0.5-log 10 ) over 20 pore volumes. Additionally, two experiments with a column containing iron particles revealed 4 and 5 log 10 removal of rotavirus in the presence of 20 mg/L total organic carbon. Full-scale BSFs with iron particles removed >4-log 10 MS2 for the duration of the experiment (287 days), while BSF with steel wool removed >4-log 10 MS2 for the first 160 days. Plug flow for the BSF was shown to depend on uniformity between the iron oxide material and sand media grains. The results suggest that the duration of effective virus removal by iron-amended biosand filtration depends on source water conditions and the quantity and composition of iron material added. Overall, this study provides evidence that iron-amended BSFs may advance the field of point-of-use technologies and bring relief to millions of people suffering from waterborne diseases.iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Section: Chapter 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Additionally, Bales et al [57] showed that poliovirus sorbed to silica beads much more readily than MS2. Small-scale studies with sand columns have also shown higher adsorption of rotavirus (IEP = 4.5) than MS2 [29].…”

Section: Chapter 4 Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal

et al. 2011

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“…From this body of work, it is known that factors influencing viral adsorption encompass characteristics of the soil solution, including ionic strength and composition (36,47,66), pH (38), and presence of dissolved organic matter (46); characteristics of the virus, such as isoelectric point (16,23) and hydrophobicity (9); and soil features, such as water content (33), clay and organic matter contents (40), and the presence of organic coatings (65). These findings have been extremely important in understanding the complex interactions between viruses and soil surfaces and in devising means of detecting viruses in soil.…”

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confidence: 99%

Abundance and Diversity of Viruses in Six Delaware Soils

Williamson

Radosevich

Wommack

2005

Appl Environ Microbiol

259

199

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The importance of viruses in marine microbial ecology has been established over the past decade. Specifically, viruses influence bacterial abundance and community composition through lysis and alter bacterial genetic diversity through transduction and lysogenic conversion. By contrast, the abundance and distribution of viruses in soils are almost completely unknown. This study describes the abundance and diversity of autochthonous viruses in six Delaware soils: two agricultural soils, two coastal plain forest soils, and two piedmont forest soils. Viral abundance was measured using epifluorescence microscopy, while viral diversity was assessed from morphological data obtained through transmission electron microscopy. Extracted soil virus communities were dominated by bacteriophages that demonstrated a wide range of capsid diameters (20 nm to 160 nm) and morphologies, including filamentous forms and phages with elongated capsids. The reciprocal Simpson's index suggests that forest soils harbor more diverse assemblages of viruses, particularly in terms of morphological distribution. Repeated extractions of virus-like particles (VLPs) from soils indicated that the initial round of extraction removes approximately 70% of extractable viruses. Higher VLP abundances were observed in forest soils (1.31 ؋ 10 9 to 4.17 ؋ 10 9 g ؊1 dry weight) than in agricultural soils (8.7 ؋ 10 8 to 1.1 ؋ 10 9 g ؊1 dry weight). Soil VLP abundance was significantly correlated to moisture content (r ‫؍‬ 0.988) but not to soil texture. Land use (agricultural or forested) was significantly correlated to both bacterial (r ‫؍‬ 0.885) and viral (r ‫؍‬ 0.812) abundances, as were soil organic matter and water content. Thus, land use is a significant factor influencing viral abundance and diversity in soils.

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“…Previous investigations have examined the influence of soil and sediment physical characteristics on the extraction and cultivation of enteric and pathogenic viruses (2,23,45). Burgeoning interest in the role of viruses within soil and sediment microbial communities demands that ever more precise methodologies for the direct enumeration of total viral particles in sediments (12,13,28) and soils be developed (53).…”

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Assessment of Factors Influencing Direct Enumeration of Viruses within Estuarine Sediments

Helton

Liu

Wommack

2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Accurate enumeration of viruses within environmental samples is critical for investigations of the ecological role of viruses and viral infection within microbial communities. This report evaluates differences in viral and bacterial direct counts between estuarine sediment samples which were either immediately processed onboard ship or frozen at ؊20°C and later processed. Viral and bacterial abundances were recorded at three stations spanning the length of the Chesapeake Bay in April and June 2003 within three sediment fractions: pore water (PW), whole sediment (WS), and sediment after pore water removal (AP). No significant difference in viral abundance was apparent between extracts from fresh or frozen sediments. In contrast, bacterial abundance was significantly lower in the samples subjected to freezing. Both bacterial and viral abundance showed significant differences between sediment fractions (PW, WS, or AP) regardless of the fresh or frozen status. Although pore water viral abundance has been used in the past as a measurement of viral abundance in sediments, this fraction accounted for only ca. 5% of the total sediment viral abundance across all samples. The effect of refrigerated storage of sediment viral extracts was also examined and showed that, within the first 2 h, viral abundance decreased ca. 30% in formalin-fixed extracts and 66% in unfixed extracts. Finally, the reliability of direct viral enumeration via epifluorescence microscopy was tested by using DNase treatment of WS extractions. These tests indicated that a large fraction (>86%) of the small SYBR gold fluorescing particles are likely viruses.

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MS‐2 and poliovirus transport in porous media: Hydrophobic effects and chemical perturbations

Cited by 148 publications

References 22 publications

Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal

Iron oxide amended biosand filters for virus removal

Abundance and Diversity of Viruses in Six Delaware Soils

Assessment of Factors Influencing Direct Enumeration of Viruses within Estuarine Sediments

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