Mucosal bleeding correlates with submucosal microbial dysbiosis in peri‐implant mucositis of patients with periodontitis

Abstract

ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between microbial communities and the severity of peri‐implant mucosal bleeding in peri‐implant mucositis.Materials and MethodsSubmucosal plaque samples were collected from 54 implants divided into the healthy implant (HI) group, peri‐implant mucositis (PM) group, and peri‐implantitis (PI) group. Sequencing of 16S rRNA was performed using the Illumina MiSeq platform. Alpha diversity (i.e., Shannon and Chao index) and beta diversity were used to measure microbial diversity within and between microbial communities, respectively. Differences in microbial taxa between groups were assessed via linear discriminate analysis effect size. Correlation between the modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI) and microbial dysbiosis index (MDI) was examined using Spearman correlation analysis and linear models.ResultsThe submucosal bacterial richness (Chao index) was positively correlated with the mean mSBI in the PM group. As the mean mSBI increased in the PM group, the beta diversity became closer to that of the PI group. In the PM group, the abundances of 47 genera were significantly correlated with the mean mSBI, and the MDI was positively associated with the mean mSBI. Fourteen of the forty‐seven genera were discriminative taxa between the HI and PI groups, and the abundances of these biomarkers became closer to those in the PI group in the progression of peri‐implant disease.ConclusionsA higher mSBI value corresponded to a higher risk of microbial dysbiosis in peri‐implant mucositis. The biomarkers identified may be useful for monitoring the progression of peri‐implant disease.

Characterizing Bacterial Communities among Healthy, Peri-implant Mucositis, and Peri-implantitis Statuses by 16S rRNA Gene Amplicon Sequencing

“…2b, 2c, 3b, & 3c) ；this finding is consistent with previous reports 10,11,22,27) . T. socranskii, T. denticola, and P.…”

“…Previous studies reported that α diversity of the microbiome in peri implantitis was greater than that in healthy implants, and the α and β diversities were similar between peri implant mucositis and peri implantitis 19,20) . Meanwhile, several studies suggest that the disease progression such as depth of the implant sulcus strongly influenced β diversity 10,11) .…”

“…Previous papers reported that Porphyromonas, Desulfobulbus, Tannerella, Treponema, and Rothia are specifically associated with peri implant mucositis 10,11) . However, the number of samples of healthy implants and peri implantitis for comparing peri implant mucositis in previous studies might be small to obtain reliable data.…”

Correlation between Inflammasomes and Microbiota in Peri-Implantitis

“…Interestingly, our network analysis found an isolated node of Rothia aeria that is negatively correlated with the expression of NLRP3, AIM2, and caspase-1 in the lamina propria. Many studies have reported negative correlations between Rothia and probing depth and disease [28,37,50]. Our findings could be hypothesized as the explanation for those findings.…”

Microbiological and functional traits of peri-implant mucositis and correlation with disease severity

“…Considering the similar clinical manifestations of peri-implant and periodontal infections, comparisons have revealed differences in microbial aspects between PM and gingivitis (G) ( 16 – 18 ). Moreover, correlations between inflammation and the microbiome have been explored, and it has been noticed that different grades of bleeding on probing correspond to different submucosal microbiomes in PM in a cohort of patients with periodontitis ( 19 ). In a recent study, microbial dysbiosis in mucosal plaques was not related to the probing depth or bleeding on probing in PM; however, marginal bone loss was positively correlated with microbial dysbiosis in PI ( 11 ).…”