Mucosal Vaccine Development Based on Liposome Technology

Abstract

Immune protection against infectious diseases is most effective if located at the portal of entry of the pathogen. Hence, there is an increasing demand for vaccine formulations that can induce strong protective immunity following oral, respiratory, or genital tract administration. At present, only few mucosal vaccines are found on the market, but recent technological advancements and a better understanding of the principles that govern priming of mucosal immune responses have contributed to a more optimistic view on the future of mucosal vaccines. Compared to live attenuated vaccines, subcomponent vaccines, most often protein-based, are considered safer, more stable, and less complicated to manufacture, but they require the addition of nontoxic and clinically safe adjuvants to be effective. In addition, another limiting factor is the large antigen dose that usually is required for mucosal vaccines. Therefore, the combination of mucosal adjuvants with the recent progress in nanoparticle technology provides an attractive solution to these problems. In particular, the liposome technology is ideal for combining protein antigen and adjuvant into an effective mucosal vaccine. Here, we describe and discuss recent progress in nanoparticle formulations using various types of liposomes that convey strong promise for the successful development of the next generation of mucosal vaccines.

Liposomal nanoparticle-based conserved peptide influenza vaccine and monosodium urate crystal adjuvant elicit protective immune response in pigs

“…[49][50][51] Liposomes protect antigens from degradation, facilitate slow antigen release, and also enhance antigen uptake by APCs. 52 Liposome-encapsulated antigens are processed in lysosomes, recycled, and presented by APCs to naïve T cells, leading to enhanced cellular and humoral immune responses. 53 The immunogenicity of liposome nanoparticles is determined by many factors including physicochemical characteristics such as size, surface charge, type of lipid molecules used to formulate liposomes, as well as other factors such as route of immunization, animal model, and antigen/immunogen used.…”

Recent advancement in nanocarriers for oral vaccination

“…In this way, the DC is a key player in the immune response and it also pounds the ability of the activated lymphocytes to migrate to the effector tissue from where the DC begun. The plasma cells, thus, eventually migrate from the inductive site through the lymph and blood back to the lamina propria in the mucosal membrane, and produce sIgA there [60]. Fusogenic liposomes, deliver their antigenic content to the cytoplasm of the APC, and thus enables MHC class II presentation to CD4þ T cells and in some DC subsets.…”

The Role of Self-Assembling Lipid Molecules in Vaccination

“…The references used in this chapter are meant to introduce the reader to the field and not to serve as a comprehensive list. The physiochemical properties of liposomal vaccines were recently reviewed in Bernasconi et al [67], while liposomal vaccine formulation was summarized by Charlton Hume and Lua [68].…”