Mudbrick Typology, Sources, and Sedimentological Composition: A Case Study from Tell el-Muqdam, Egyptian Delta

Morgenstein, Maury; Redmount, Carol A.

doi:10.2307/40000466

Cited by 20 publications

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“…Since the 1980s numerous geoarchaeological studies in the Near East have showcased the importance of earthen architectural analysis not only in relation to the built environment but as an expression of social agency (French 1984;Friesem 2011;Goldberg 1979;Love 2013;Morgenstein and Redmount 1998;Rosen 1986). In the eastern Mediterranean island of Cyprus mudbricks were, and are, an integral part of its architectural identity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…P and Cl) were not considered in the statistical analysis(Frankel and Webb 2012;Goodale et al 2012;Hunt and Speakman 2015;). The eight elements selected (Co, Ni, Cr, Fe, Zn, Zr, Ti and Mn) are included in the statistical analysis for their reliability in pXRF, as evidenced in previous studies on their relevance in soil composition(Emery and Morgenstein 2007;Goodale et al 2012;Morgenstein and Redmount 1998). Principal component analysis (PCA) and bivariate scatterplot were performed on the pXRF results with the R software (3.3.2) in order to provide data on continuity in the procurement of raw sources and manufacturing and construction phases.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Palaepaphos-Laona rampart. A pilot study on earthen architecture and construction technology in Cyprus

Lorenzon

Iacovou

2019

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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Excavations conducted in the context of the Palaepaphos Urban Landscape Project (PULP) have revealed a defensive monument of the Cypro-Classical period (fifth and fourth centuries BCE), which had been preserved under an anthropogenic mound (tumulus) of the 3rd century BCE. Besides stone-work, the construction of the monumental rampart made extensive use of mudbricks. In 2016-2017, PULP introduced a pilot study based on analytical techniques (pXRF, SEM-EDS, granulometric and petrographic analysis) to address issues relating to the manufacture and construction of the earthen architecture of the rampart. The paper presents a description of the geoarchaeological analyses and their results, which have highlighted specific manufacturing practices in relation to the construction of the monument. Given that the rampart constituted a major investment of the royal authorities of ancient Paphos, the results provide new information on the production of earthen building materials and also on environmental choices with respect to raw material selection in the context of a public project carried out by a central authority circa the mid first millennium BCE.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

The Palaepaphos-Laona rampart. A pilot study on earthen architecture and construction technology in Cyprus

Lorenzon

Iacovou

2019

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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“…Although these modern examples suggest that mudbrick production was not subject to the strict seasonality that we know to constrain pottery production in Egypt, 22 the time required for mudbrick to dry could be incongruous with monumental constructions. Morgenstein and Redmount (1998, 130) suggest that this process should preferably take ‘an entire summer’, whereas Ormeling (2017) proposes a drying time of four months for the Dynasty 1 mastabas at Saqqara 23 . Mudbrick requires a drying area that is level, smooth and free from run-off water—in instances where vast numbers of bricks are required, the drying area required can be very large (Van Beek & Van Beek 2008, 153–4).…”

Section: The Step Pyramid Complex Of Djoser and The Mudbrick Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Theoretically, the construction of mudbrick monuments allows the employment of a tax-brick system (Dickinson 2014, 228), but this would have presented problems of standardization. Evidence from ancient Egypt suggests that substantial diversity in mudbrick composition can often be found at the same site, sometimes even within a single structure (Morgenstein & Redmount 1998, 131) 24 . Such variability in quality, however, would have been less tolerable for monuments of the scale and repute of Djoser's complex.…”

Section: The Step Pyramid Complex Of Djoser and The Mudbrick Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Environmental Factors in the Early Development of Egyptian Stone Architecture

Wong

2020

CAJ

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Much detail regarding the early development of stone architecture in Egypt remains unclear. Prevailing studies tend to focus on the contribution of religious and socio-economic factors, but the role of environmental elements should not be understated. For much of the First Dynasty, innovation in stone architecture was driven by developments in the private realm, a result of favourable geology in Lower Egypt. Meanwhile, multiple strands of evidence suggest that Egypt experienced wetter climatic conditions during the Early Dynastic period and the Old Kingdom. This would have had major implications on both the production of mudbrick and the short-term durability of mudbrick structures. It is argued that these environmental factors played a key role in facilitating and accelerating the rise of stone architecture in Egypt.

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“…In addition to the existence of pottery and stones fragments which were added during making process to increase the mechanical properties [10]. So the mechanical and chemical properties of resulting brick varied greatly depending on the locality and the time according to sedimentary provences, extension and by their chemical and physical properties [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deterioration Mechanisms Affecting the Bricks Used in the Building of the Water Wells at Karnak Temples, Luxor, Egypt

A.¹

2019

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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The water wells at Karnak temples made of red brick and belonging to different eras, (Graeco-Roman and Byzantine periods). These water wells suffer from several deterioration aspects such as exfoliation, hard crusts, disintegration, spalling, cracks, fractures, salts crystallization, microorganisms colonization's and vegetation. The aim of this paper is to study the deterioration mechanisms affecting the brick units of these wells to prepare a conservation strategy. Different scientific methods such as Light Optical Microscope (LOM), Polarizing Microscope (PM), Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with an Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometer (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRD) have been used to determine the mineralogical composition and the deterioration products. The obtained results have proved that the water wells suffer from salts crystallization of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate (thenardite) due to the severe effects of deterioration factors particularly the dominated environmental conditions, water-soluble salts and mineralogical composition of the brick.

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Mudbrick Typology, Sources, and Sedimentological Composition: A Case Study from Tell el-Muqdam, Egyptian Delta

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

The Palaepaphos-Laona rampart. A pilot study on earthen architecture and construction technology in Cyprus

The Palaepaphos-Laona rampart. A pilot study on earthen architecture and construction technology in Cyprus

The Role of Environmental Factors in the Early Development of Egyptian Stone Architecture

Deterioration Mechanisms Affecting the Bricks Used in the Building of the Water Wells at Karnak Temples, Luxor, Egypt

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