“…This has resulted in an explosion of open-source digitally fabricated instruments and a repository of designs housed at the NIH [5,6,23,24]. There are many examples of progressively more sophisticated open-source 3-D printed parts being used to build chemical mixing systems [22][23][24][25], mechanical components for optics setups [26][27][28][29][30][31] and microscopes [32][33][34], instruments to test water quality testing [35][36][37][38], various types of syringe pumps [39][40][41][42][43] that are combined with other components to make complete systems for making microfluidics and metafluidics [44][45][46][47]. Although the most important features of open-source 3-D printable instruments is the ease with which scientists can customize a tool, in general, they are also much less expensive than equivalent (and often technically inferior) commercial proprietary systems [6,23,24,[48][49][50] and provide a high return on investment [51,52].…”