“…In addition, meta-heuristic algorithms have attracted considerable research attention for use in partitional clustering models. These include ant colony optimization (ACO) [38], artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) [39]- [41], bat algorithm (BA) [42], black hole (BH) [43], differential evolution (DE) [44], [45], elephant algorithm (EA) [46], firefly algorithm (FA) [47], [48], genetic algorithm (GA) [49], [50], k-means based genetic algorithm (GKA) [51], [52], gravitational search algorithm (GSA) [53], [54], gray wolf optimizer (GWO) [55], lion optimization algorithm (LOA) [56], monkey algorithm (MA) [57], moth swarm algorithm (MSA) [58], particle swarm optimization (PSO) [59], [60], simulated annealing (SA) [61], [62], symbiotic organism search (SOS) [63], and whale optimization algorithm (WOA) [64]. The clustering approach has been adopted in various research fields, such as bioinformatics [65]- [67], vector quantization [68]- [71], data mining [72]- [74], geographical information systems [75], [76], pattern recognition [77]- [79], and sensor applications [80]- [82].…”