Multi-level governance in public transport: Governmental layering and its influence on public transport service solutions

Analyzing the Impact of Different Transport Governance Strategies on Climate Change

“…Although recognizing that the forces of policy between the government layers are now much messier, particularly in Europe's context, the notion that political control is also affected by a changing policy space is focused on multilevel management. In type II, the increase in the numbers of government departments, private-public partnerships, and statutory consultants does not limit the degree to which the central government can influence changes (Table 1) [8,30]. The main reason for discussing these issues in this study is that the interactions between MLG and the transport sector have never been explored.…”

“…Actions at one level can alter the boundary conditions of actors at other levels, thereby creating a dynamic that is hard to control [29]. There is a need for the implementation of a MLG framework and the types of analytical framework for complex policy objectives that go beyond geographical, administrative, and national/supra-national scopes and mandates for action [21,30]. MLG has been built in the theoretical approach to policy development, implementation, effectiveness and accountability.…”

“…Public transport is supported by governments to deliver social and environmental goals through the establishment of public value for its inhabitants and visitors through the instrument of a subsidized transport service. MLG literature has evolved from an attempt to understand the MLG issues faced by federal (USA) and supranational (European Union) governments to include interactions between government levels and smaller municipalities in a specific policy area [30]. This is of the greatest importance in the field of transport and there are two types (I and II) of MLG in this field.…”

“…In contrast with Type I institutions, which deal with the government levels responsible for a number of policy areas in line with the 2001 distinction of Hooghe and Marks [31], these tasks-specific agencies are frequently called Type II institutions. The prospect of moving from the socio-technical mobility system to explain the budgetary decisions on public transport and understanding the climate policy within the European context [30] was used to explain this perspective [8].…”

Provincial Government Authorities in the Grant Distribution to the Community in Bali

“…A number of previous studies and existing literatures on law and governments have made focus on discussions of the roles and authorities of goverments in providing for community the welfare through granting from the state. It is that public activities to survive for their llives are necessarily supported by the government [1,2] . In the context of Indonesia, the distribution of grants to the community by the Regional Government is based on Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No.…”