“…Coatings generally involve the creation of an additional layer on the surface without disrupting the nature and properties of the bulk material. This can be achieved by various methods, e.g., electrochemical deposition [ 25 ], ionized jet deposition (IJD) [ 26 ], sol-gel method [ 27 ], micro-arc oxidation [ 28 ], etc. For the prevention of IAIs, the coatings are loaded with antimicrobial agents, e.g., inorganic elements [ 29 ], antibiotics [ 30 ], antimicrobial peptides [ 31 ], polymers [ 32 ], and hybrid inorganic-organic moieties [ 33 ], that effectively prevent biofilm formation and enhance tissue integration.…”
Section: Antibacterial Coatings On Titanium Implantsmentioning
Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials for biomedical devices owing to their high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, there is a significant rise in implant-associated infections (IAIs) leading to revision surgeries, which are more complicated than the original replacement surgery. To reduce the risk of infections, numerous antibacterial agents, e.g., bioactive compounds, metal ions, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, polymers, etc., have been incorporated on the surface of the titanium implant. Various coating methods and surface modification techniques, e.g., micro-arc oxidation (MAO), layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), anodization, magnetron sputtering, and spin coating, are exploited in the race to create a biocompatible, antibacterial titanium implant surface that can simultaneously promote tissue integration around the implant. The nature and surface morphology of implant coatings play an important role in bacterial inhibition and drug delivery. Surface modification of titanium implants with nanostructured materials, such as titanium nanotubes, enhances bone regeneration. Antimicrobial peptides loaded with antibiotics help to achieve sustained drug release and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Additive manufacturing of patient-specific porous titanium implants will have a clear future direction in the development of antimicrobial titanium implants. In this review, a brief overview of the different types of coatings that are used to prevent implant-associated infections and the applications of 3D printing in the development of antibacterial titanium implants is presented.
“…Coatings generally involve the creation of an additional layer on the surface without disrupting the nature and properties of the bulk material. This can be achieved by various methods, e.g., electrochemical deposition [ 25 ], ionized jet deposition (IJD) [ 26 ], sol-gel method [ 27 ], micro-arc oxidation [ 28 ], etc. For the prevention of IAIs, the coatings are loaded with antimicrobial agents, e.g., inorganic elements [ 29 ], antibiotics [ 30 ], antimicrobial peptides [ 31 ], polymers [ 32 ], and hybrid inorganic-organic moieties [ 33 ], that effectively prevent biofilm formation and enhance tissue integration.…”
Section: Antibacterial Coatings On Titanium Implantsmentioning
Titanium and its alloys are widely used as implant materials for biomedical devices owing to their high mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and corrosion resistance. However, there is a significant rise in implant-associated infections (IAIs) leading to revision surgeries, which are more complicated than the original replacement surgery. To reduce the risk of infections, numerous antibacterial agents, e.g., bioactive compounds, metal ions, nanoparticles, antimicrobial peptides, polymers, etc., have been incorporated on the surface of the titanium implant. Various coating methods and surface modification techniques, e.g., micro-arc oxidation (MAO), layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly, plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO), anodization, magnetron sputtering, and spin coating, are exploited in the race to create a biocompatible, antibacterial titanium implant surface that can simultaneously promote tissue integration around the implant. The nature and surface morphology of implant coatings play an important role in bacterial inhibition and drug delivery. Surface modification of titanium implants with nanostructured materials, such as titanium nanotubes, enhances bone regeneration. Antimicrobial peptides loaded with antibiotics help to achieve sustained drug release and reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance. Additive manufacturing of patient-specific porous titanium implants will have a clear future direction in the development of antimicrobial titanium implants. In this review, a brief overview of the different types of coatings that are used to prevent implant-associated infections and the applications of 3D printing in the development of antibacterial titanium implants is presented.
“…As a significant factor in advancing the medical engineering field, nanotechnology can create superior capabilities in biomaterials by modifying their structures [12,13]. For example, upon modifying the crystal structure of HA by doping with antibacterial elements, and further compositing it with carbon nanomaterials, can not only improve the new HA nanocomposite material's bioactivity but also its other biological features such as antibacterial properties [14,15]. Zinc (Zn) has a unique state among the elements that have antibacterial properties [16].…”
Bacteria are one of the significant causes of infection in the body after scaffold implantation. Effective use of nanotechnology to overcome this problem is an exciting and practical solution. Nanoparticles can cause bacterial degradation by the electrostatic interaction with receptors and cell walls. Simultaneously, the incorporation of antibacterial materials such as zinc and graphene in nanoparticles can further enhance bacterial degradation. In the present study, zinc-doped hydroxyapatite/graphene was synthesized and characterized as a nanocomposite material possessing both antibacterial and bioactive properties for bone tissue engineering. After synthesizing the zinc-doped hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using a mechanochemical process, they were composited with reduced graphene oxide. The nanoparticles and nanocomposite samples were extensively investigated by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy. Their antibacterial behaviors against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were studied. The antibacterial properties of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles were found to be improved more than 2.7 and 3.4 times after zinc doping and further compositing with graphene, respectively. In vitro cell assessment was investigated by a cell viability test and alkaline phosphatase activity using mesenchymal stem cells, and the results showed that hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in the culture medium, in addition to non-toxicity, led to enhanced proliferation of bone marrow stem cells. Furthermore, zinc doping in combination with graphene significantly increased alkaline phosphatase activity and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells. The antibacterial activity along with cell biocompatibility/bioactivity of zinc-doped hydroxyapatite/graphene nanocomposite are the highly desirable and suitable biological properties for bone tissue engineering successfully achieved in this work.
“…8 ). In comparison with the pure HA coating, the multi-metal nanoparticles doped coating not only exhibited 100% inhibition of both S. aureus and E. coli , but also presented the required bioactivity, namely, cytocompatibility, angiogenic, and osteogenic capability as a promising candidate coating material for Ti implants [ 91 ].…”
Section: Antimicrobial Activity Of Nano-zno Modified Ti Implantsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“… Fig. 8 Mechanism diagram of multi-metal nanoparticles composite coating against E. coli and S. aureus [ 91 ] …”
Section: Antimicrobial Activity Of Nano-zno Modified Ti Implantsmentioning
Titanium (Ti) implants are widely used in dentistry and orthopedics owing to their excellent corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties, which have gained increasing attention from the viewpoints of fundamental research and practical applications. Also, numerous studies have been carried out to fine-tune the micro/nanostructures of Ti and/or incorporate chemical elements to improve overall implant performance. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (nano-ZnO) are well-known for their good antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity along with their ability to synergize with a variety of substances, which have received increasingly widespread attention as biomodification materials for implants. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on nano-ZnO modified Ti-implants. Their preparation methods of nano-ZnO modified Ti-implants are introduced, followed by a further presentation of the antibacterial, osteogenic, and anti-corrosion properties of these implants. Finally, challenges and future opportunities for nano-ZnO modified Ti-implants are proposed.
Graphical Abstract
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