Multi-Mode High-Gain Antenna Array Loaded With High Impedance Surface

Wu, Ting; Chen, Juan; Wu, Pengfei

doi:10.1109/access.2020.3015758

“…The average salinity of seawater is around 35 parts per thousand (ppt), although the salinity can vary depending on the environment, activities, and seasons [3]. From the signal behavior point of view, Signal reflection is the process of a signal bouncing back when it encounters an obstacle or barrier [5]. When an electromagnetic signal, like a radio or light wave, encounters a reflecting surface or interface, reflection occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A signal's reflection can be influenced by a number of factors, the type of surface or interface that the signal interacts with is one of the most crucial variables, while the frequency of the signal and the angle at which it reaches the surface affect the reflectance qualities of various materials. In addition, the impedance of the surface is a significant factor that can affect how a signal is reflected, it measures the resistance of a surface or medium present to an electromagnetic signal's transmission [5] [6]. Signal reflects back to the source when the interface's impedance differs from the medium it travels through [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Revised Model of Salinity Surface Reflection Coefficient at A range of Frequencies

Imadeldin Elsayed

2024

jes

0

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The frequency of the incident signal wave can affect how salinity influences the seawater's reflection coefficient. The impact of salinity on the electromagnetic characteristics of seawater is generally more pronounced at multiple frequencies. This paper investigates a wide range of frequencies such as 100 MHz up to 1 THz under the 30 ppt salinity level, angle is 30-degree, distance traveled up to 100 meter, and sweater dielectric 81 to offer distinct attention that should respect each salinity value individually when designing the wireless coastal connection. Due to an undeniable disagreement among scholars regarding the relationship between salinity and frequency, the study provides a method to predict the reflection coefficient in different ranges of frequencies using derivation equations. Nevertheless, the distinct outcomes show under the 30 ppt salinity the reflection coefficient hit 0.015 dB at frequencies from 100 MHz up to 500 MHz and then growing up to reach 0.03 dB at 1 GHz, whereas under the same salinity level and from 100 GHz to 500 GHz achieved 0.2 up to 0.4 dB, and increase to hit 0.9 dB at 1 THz. The significance of the result would open the way to accommodate the salinity levels under the specific frequency and hence the accuracy of the link budget. Overall, the fluctuation in coastal link parameters such as frequency, power transmitted, and salinity level produces peculiar signal behavior that should be estimated in the coastline budget.

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“…From the signal behavior point of view, signal reflection is the process of a signal bouncing back when it encounters an obstacle or barrier [5]. When an electromagnetic signal, like a radio or light wave, encounters a reflecting surface or interface, reflection occurs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Revised Model of Salinity Surface Reflection Coefficient at A range of Frequencies

Izzeldin Ibrahim, Khalid Bilal, Mohamed Hassan

2024

jes

0

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The frequency of the incident signal wave can affect how salinity influences the seawater's reflection coefficient. The impact of salinity on the electromagnetic characteristics of seawater is generally more pronounced at multiple frequencies. This paper investigates a wide range of frequencies such as 100 MHz up to 1 THz under the 30 ppt salinity level, angle is 30-degree, distance traveled up to 100 meter, and sweater dielectric 81 to offer distinct attention that should respect each salinity value individually when designing the wireless coastal connection. Due to an undeniable disagreement among scholars regarding the relationship between salinity and frequency, the study provides a method to predict the reflection coefficient in different ranges of frequencies using derivation equations. Nevertheless, the distinct outcomes show under the 30 ppt salinity the reflection coefficient hit 0.015 dB at frequencies from 100 MHz up to 500 MHz and then growing up to reach 0.03 dB at 1 GHz, whereas under the same salinity level and from 100 GHz to 500 GHz achieved 0.2 up to 0.4 dB, and increase to hit 0.9 dB at 1 THz. The significance of the result would open the way to accommodate the salinity levels under the specific frequency and hence the accuracy of the link budget. Overall, the fluctuation in coastal link parameters such as frequency, power transmitted, and salinity level produces peculiar signal behavior that should be estimated in the coastline budget.

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“…The above two benefits have been widely utilized in several practical applications. In the area of antenna designs [3][4][5][6][7], HISs have been utilized to develop low-profile and high-gain antennas. In principle, the distance between the radiating element and the ground plane of a printed antenna such as a microstrip antenna should be quarter wavelength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of an Inductive Spiral-Loop Loaded Unit Cell in a Mushroom-Shaped High Impedance Surface for Sub-GHZ Applications

Hong¹,

Kim²,

Park³

2021

PIER M

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A high impedance surface has far-reaching potential in wireless applications, but realization of the surface operating at sub-GHz ranges is challenging due to its size limits in practical applications. Here, we present a novel inductive technique based on multi-turn square spiral loops. The introduction of the spiral loops to a mushroom-shaped high impedance surface provides additional current path, thereby results in a dramatic increase in its total inductance at given dimensions, and therefore leads to a significant reduction in a resonant frequency of a high impedance plane. Electromagnetic simulation results reveal that a resonant frequency shifts downward 1 GHz at a given dimension, and they are in good agreement with results from an analytical model for the proposed structure. Experimental measurements suggest the feasibility of the proposed approach.

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Multi-Mode High-Gain Antenna Array Loaded With High Impedance Surface

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

A Revised Model of Salinity Surface Reflection Coefficient at A range of Frequencies

A Revised Model of Salinity Surface Reflection Coefficient at A range of Frequencies

A Revised Model of Salinity Surface Reflection Coefficient at A range of Frequencies

Design of an Inductive Spiral-Loop Loaded Unit Cell in a Mushroom-Shaped High Impedance Surface for Sub-GHZ Applications

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