Multi-Objective Optimization for Cyber-Physical-Social Systems: A Case Study of Electric Vehicles Charging and Discharging

Abstract

Cyber-physical-social system (CPSS), an integration of cyberspace, physical space, and social space, has revolutionized the relationship between human, computers, and physical environments. Electrical cyber-physical system integrating human behaviors and interactions is a typical CPSS, and the study of electric vehicles (EVs) charging and discharging in the CPSS has become a research hotspot due to its environmental advantages and social benefits. This paper focuses on simultaneously optimizing the power load stability and the total cost of vehicle owners in the CPSS. First, the optimal scheduling problem is formulated as a multi-objective optimization problem with system's technical constraints, and then a hierarchical optimal algorithm is proposed to solve the problem. The convergence analysis of the proposed algorithm is presented to ensure its optimal performance. Further, this paper combines the proposed algorithm with a moving horizon method to deal with the EV owners random arrival and departure case based on the owners' convenience and preferences. It shows that the proposed algorithm not only enhances stable performance of the power load but also improves satisfaction of the vehicle owners in the CPSS framework integrating power grids, energy consumption areas, and social components. Numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.INDEX TERMS Cyber-physical-social system (CPSS), EVs penetration, hierarchical optimal algorithm, human behaviors, multi-objective optimization.

Multi-Level DC/DC Converter for E-Mobility Charging Stations

“…If the current flowing through the inductor (L) is defined as i L , the current ripple i L of the inductor is expressed as Equation 1. In addition, if the output voltage is defined as V 0 and the output voltage ripple is defined as v o , it can be expressed as Equation 2[22]- [25].…”

Design of an Aftermarket Hybridization Kit: Reducing Costs and Emissions Considering a Local Driving Cycle

“…On the other hand, during the gear shifting process, the clutch disconnects the ICE from the gearbox (CPD = 0 to CPD = 100 mm) in 0.3 s. After the clutch fully opened (CPD = 100 mm), the gear ratio is changed in 0.2 s; then, the ICE is reconnected to the gearbox (CPD = 100 to CPD = 0 mm) in 0.5 s [32]. Therefore, the gearbox input torque T gb (Nm) is defined according to the rules presented in Equation (9) and the available traction torque at the vehicle frontal wheels T a f (Nm) is then defined by Equation (10).…”

“…Du et al [7] optimized a plug-in hybrid bus to avoid excessive changes of operation modes, reducing the number of engine startups, the clutch abrasion and the jerk. Golpîra and Khan [8] pointed that the increasing use of PHEVs is an important issue to be taken into account in domestic energy power management, while Li et al [9,10] investigated the advantages for the power distribution systems due to the optimum coordination of the PHEVs charging times. Furthermore, Mohammadi et al [11] asserted that if the PHEVs are able to work in a bidirectional power mode (draining power from and supplying power to the grid), they can collaborate to regulate the grid voltage and frequency along a day.…”

Theoretical foundations and applications of cyber-physical systems: a literature review

“…A CPS is an integration of computation with physical processes whose behavior is defined by both computational and physical parts of the system, and CPS has four foundational directions: combining model-based and data-driven design methods; design for human-in-theloop systems; component-based design with contracts, and design for security and privacy. (Li, Zhou, Li, and Guo, 2019;Li, Zhao, Andriotis, Yang, Xu and Sun, 2019;Li, Lin, Zhou and Yan, 2019). But many applications require a combination of these techniques (Xu, 2011).…”