“…Under the framework, the correlation between links is considered hence path travel time is nonadditive (Fan et al, 2005;Dong and Mahmassani, 2009). Path travel time can be derived from link travel time covariance matrix (Sen et al, 2001;Xing and Zhou, 2011;Shahabi et al, 2013), temporal and spatial correlations (Miller-Hooks and Mahmassani, 2003;Gao and Chabini, 2006), or simulation-based approaches (Ji et al, 2011;Huang and Gao, 2012;Zockaie et al, 2013;Zockaie et al, 2014). Some research also focuses on the penalties due to late arrival and the corresponding route choice (Watling, 2006;Chen and Zhou, 2010).…”