Multi-Path Data Distribution Mechanism Based on RPL for Energy Consumption and Time Delay

Abstract

The RPL (Routing Protocol for LLN) protocol is a routing protocol for low power and lossy networks. In such a network, energy is a very scarce resource, so many studies are focused on minimizing global energy consumption. End-to-end latency is another important performance indicator of the network, but existing research tends to focus more on energy consumption and ignore the end-to-end delay of data transmission. In this paper, we propose a kind of energy equalization routing protocol to maximize the surviving time of the restricted nodes so that the energy consumed by each node is close to each other. At the same time, a multi-path forwarding route is proposed based on the cache utilization. The data is sent to the sink node through different parent nodes at a certain probability, not only by selecting the preferred parent node, thus avoiding buffer overflow and reducing end-to-end delay. Finally, the two algorithms are combined to accommodate different application scenarios. The experimental results show that the proposed three improved schemes improve the reliability of the routing, extend the lifetime of the network, reduce the end-to-end delay, and reduce the number of DAG reconfigurations.

The support of multipath routing in IPv6-based internet of things

“…The proposed work in [34] introduced a multipath RPL solution with energy balancing and delay minimization schemes. The energy balancing scheme is based on the estimation of the residual energy of the bottleneck nodes.…”

“…A simple approach incorporating a greedy balancing algorithm based on an energy-aware metric was utilized in [30,32,33]. Moreover, a Pareto's model and the combination of Newton's and steepest descent methods were adopted for optimal energy distribution [34]. Other considerations for RPL multipath routing include mobility support, which was addressed at different levels: sink nodes only [35] and sensor nodes [36].…”

“…PDR, ETX, LQI, retransmission rate, end-to-end delay, and packet loss were mostly considered. Some proposals adopted energy-related metrics such as node residual energy collectively with other link metrics [17,18,34,35]. Other metrics for lifetime estimation were also adopted to estimate Node Expected Lifetime [30,32,33] and Link lifetime based on estimating node speed using a Bayesian Inference model [36].…”

“…Other metrics for lifetime estimation were also adopted to estimate Node Expected Lifetime [30,32,33] and Link lifetime based on estimating node speed using a Bayesian Inference model [36]. Other node metrics that are based on different aspects including buffer occupancy and radio duty cycle were also considered in some proposals [26][27][28]34].…”

“…A number of the proposals shared the concept of link weight assignment according to the calculation of different metrics in order to facilitate multipath management [22,[28][29][30][32][33][34]. On the other hand, the multipath RPL solutions in some of the proposals targeted specific IoT applications such as greenhouse environmental monitoring [18,23,34]. In terms of RPL responsiveness, most of the proposals relied on DIO communications in case of the need for additional and immediate information exchange.…”