Multi-scale structuring of cell-instructive cellulose nanocrystal composite hydrogel sheets via sequential electrospinning and thermal wrinkling

3D Polycaprolactone/Gelatin-Oriented Electrospun Scaffolds Promote Periodontal Regeneration

“…23 The electrospun membrane and hydrogel composites have been widely reported. 45,60,61 In particular, as a nontoxic and enzyme-modified biomaterial, the TG-Gel hydrogel has been proved its good mechanical capacity and stability. 62,63 Others tried to inoculate cells onto the hydrogel 64 or applied the hydrogel to encapsulate stem cell spheroids.…”

“…Devan and Jessica tried to seed Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglia onto aligned biomaterials and found that the aligned topography facilitated neurite extension in vitro and axonal growth in vivo. Besides, the similar biological behavior of myoblast, fibroblast, and stem cells, such as human-induced pluripotent stem cell and amniotic epithelial stem cell, which were seeded on aligned materials, was also widely discussed. In the periodontal field, it was reported that human gingival fibroblasts and human periodontal ligament cells were both influenced by contact guidance. , As a kind of periodontal cell with multidirectional differentiation potential, hPDLSCs were proved to arrange along the fiber direction, and their osteogenic differentiation was also reported .…”

Current international research into cellulose as a functional nanomaterial for advanced applications

“…Uniaxially (micro) wrinkled features with parallel-orientated (nano) fibers resulted in aligned myoblast growth (Fig. 4e&f), whereby CNC content was used to control the compressive modulus and protein uptake [109]. Similarly, Huang et al [110] demonstrated that they could align oxidized BC along the direction of extrusion in simple printed structures, which influenced the orientation of lung epithelial stem cells.…”

“…The improvement of mechanical properties and development of nanoscale anisotropy in multicomponent electrospun and 3D-printed scaffolds via CNC/CNF inclusion has only recently begun to be explored [105][106][107][108][109][110][111]. For example, De France et al reported on the facile production of '2.5D' poly(oligoethylene glycol methacrylate) (POEGMA)/CNC scaffolds that enabled microscale control of 'wrinkled' features, similar to those produced using soft lithography, via controlled thermal shrinkage while independently controlling the alignment of the nanoscale features via electrospinning [109]. Uniaxially (micro) wrinkled features with parallel-orientated (nano) fibers resulted in aligned myoblast growth (Fig.…”

Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering: Addressing Key Design Needs Toward Clinical Translation

“…For example, collagen, elastin and fibronectin all form nanofibrous structures in native ECM that play a key role in regulating cell behavior ( Stevens and George, 2005 ), particularly in terms of promoting cell adhesion and spreading. The internal porous structure of a hydrogel is also critical to tune the transport of nutrients, gases, and wastes within the tissue and providing sufficient physical space for cells to communicate and ultimately form a tissue (Atala, 2014; de France et al, 2021 ). To obtain such structured hydrogels, traditional methods such as emulsion templating ( Zhang and Cooper, 2005 ; Partap et al, 2006 ), gas foaming ( Harris et al, 1998 ), salt leaching ( Lee et al, 2005 ), and cryogelation ( Vrana et al, 2009 ) have been used to prepare scaffolds with different pore size distributions ( Figure 3 ).…”