Multi-step sequential chemical extraction of heavy metals from urban soils

Gibson, Martin; Farmer, John G.

doi:10.1016/0143-148x(86)90039-x

Cited by 197 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The most com monly used technique to determine the different forms of metals present in environmental samples is sequential extraction. Numerous sequential extraction methods are typically used, differing in terms of the reagent type, experimental conditions, and number of steps required (e.g., Tessier et al 1979;Gibson & Farmer 1986;Kerstern & Förstner 1991;Oughton et al 1992;Quevauviller et al 1997;Gomez-Ariza et al 2000;Wenzel et al 2001;Quevauviller 2002). The most commonly isolated phases of sequential extraction schemes are exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound (reducible), organic (oxidizable), and residual (Anju & Banerjee 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Pb-Zn mining activity on surficial sediments of Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia)

Vrhovnik¹,

Šmuc²,

Dolenec³

et al. 2013

Turkish J Earth Sci

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The activities of the Sasa mine have led to industrial discharge being released into Lake Kalimanci since the beginning of mining activity in 1954. For this reason, an ecological risk assessment is urgently required. In the present study, surficial lake sediments were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with all geochemistry data processed using Statistica 8. In order to assess the environmental pollution status, 2 environmental factors were established, while for the determination of chemical fractionation of toxic metals a sequential extraction procedure was carried out.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Pb-Zn mining activity on surficial sediments of Lake Kalimanci (FYR Macedonia)

Vrhovnik¹,

Šmuc²,

Dolenec³

et al. 2013

Turkish J Earth Sci

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“…Basically, as the EF values increase, the contributions of the anthropogenic sources also increase. If an enrichment factor is greater than unity, this indicates that abundance of the heavy metals in soil may not come from the local soil background but other natural and/or anthropogenic sources in urbanized areas, including vehicle emissions, industrial discharge and other activities [59] [60]. However, enrichment factors less than 5 may be not considered significant although they are an indicator of metal accumulation, because such small enrichments may arise from differences in the composition of local soil material (12) and Zn (10.87).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemometric Evaluation of the Heavy Metals in Urban Soil of Fallujah City, Iraq

Salah¹,

Turki²,

Mahal³

2015

JEP

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To evaluate the concentrations of heavy metals and identification of their sources, 20 composite soil samples were collected randomly in Fallujah city, Iraq. To assess the pollution level, we used the soil metal index (SMI) and enrichment factor. We investigated the sources of heavy metal using the chemometric techniques such as correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). The concentrations of Pb and Co have a normal distribution in soil of the study area. Zn and Cd have an approximately normal distribution, and Ni, Cu, and Cr have a nonnormal distribution. Our results revealed that the urban soils in Fallujah city were unpolluted by heavy metals and showed a significant to extremely high enrichments of heavy metals controlled by anthropogenic activities. The moderate to strong positive correlations among Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn suggest that these metals have common sources. The chemometric techniques identify that the source of Cu, Co and Pb is controlled by lithogenic origin and that the source of Cr, Ni and Cd is controlled by mixed sources (lithogenic and anthropogenic).

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“…Then, statistical analysis was performed on all data (all replicates; n = 4) per individual depth using a split-plot in time design in the Proc GLM model, SAS software version 9.1 (SAS Institute, 2002) to evaluate the effect of biosolids application rate on 4 M HNO 3 extractable and the fractionation of Cu and Zn concentrations; however, data presented are non-log transformed. We tested our hypotheses at P = 0.05, calculated a Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference (LSD; Steel and Torrie, 1980) when Table 2 Sequential extraction steps and conditions used (based on Sloan et al, 1997; modified from Gibson and Farmer, 1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%