Multi-trait QTL analysis for agronomic and quality characters of Agaricus bisporus (button mushrooms)

Abstract

The demand for button mushrooms of high quality is increasing. Superior button mushroom varieties require the combination of multiple traits to maximize productivity and quality. Very often these traits are correlated and should, therefore, be evaluated together rather than as single traits. In order to unravel the genetic architecture of multiple traits of Agaricus bisporus and the genetic correlations among traits, we have investigated a total of six agronomic and quality traits through multi-trait QTL analyses in a mixed-model. Traits were evaluated in three heterokaryon sets. Significant phenotypic correlations were observed among traits. For instance, earliness (ER) correlated to firmness (FM), cap color, and compost colonization, and FM correlated to scales (SC). QTLs of different traits located on the same chromosomes genetically explains the phenotypic correlations. QTL detected on chromosome 10 mainly affects three traits, i.e., ER, FM and SC. It explained 31.4 % phenotypic variation of SC on mushroom cap (heterokaryon Set 1), 14.9 % that of the FM (heterokaryon Set 3), and 14.2 % that of ER (heterokaryon Set 3). High value alleles from the wild parental line showed beneficial effects for several traits, suggesting that the wild germplasm is a valuable donor in terms of those traits. Due to the limitations of recombination pattern, we only made a start at understanding the genetic base for several agronomic and quality traits in button mushrooms.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13568-016-0239-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Seed protein content and its relationships with agronomic traits in pigeonpea is controlled by both main and epistatic effects QTLs

“…Thus, an account of the genetic architecture of a trait based on a single population likely describes only a small proportion of all the loci, their effects, and potential interactions that contribute to the intraspecific phenotypic variation for a trait 17,20 . Similarly, QTL analysis involving multiple traits allows for the decomposition of genetic bases of within trait variations as well as correlations among traits in terms of the signs and magnitudes of QTL effects 21 . To this end, the use of two or more segregating mapping populations with two or more measured traits in a single study have become common 20,22,23 .…”

Developments in breeding of Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus: progress made and technical and legal hurdles to take

“…Foulongne-Oriol et al ( 2009 ) demonstrated that microsatellite markers were more powerful to generate linkage maps for A. bisporus . Since the publication of the whole genome sequence of the button mushroom (Morin et al 2012 ; Sonnenberg et al 2016 ), SNP markers can be used and they appear to be very useful in generating linkage maps (Gao et al 2016 , 2015 ) and for precise location of meiotic crossovers (Sonnenberg et al 2016 ).…”

“…50% of the variation. Gao et al ( 2016 ) also analysed the quality traits with five additional agronomic traits through multi-trait QTL analyses in a mixed model. Major and minor QTL were detected for the trait earliness (first day picking), firmness, cap color, compost colonisation and scaling of mushroom caps.…”

“…The advantage is that all hybrids thus generated share the genome of the tester line and segregation in phenotypes is due to genetic differences of the nucleus derived from the segregating SSI. The introduction of a new genome (the tester line) can, however, have an effect on the expression of traits resulting in some inconsistency in QTL mapping when assessing traits in the same population with different tester lines (Gao et al 2016 ; Gao et al 2015 ). The ability to recover the constituent nuclei of strains as homokaryons allows the estimation of a breeding value for traits of these nuclei comparable to what is done in some plant breeding programs (Griffing 1956 ; Shattuck et al 1993 ).…”

“…It is thus necessary to repeat trials. Studying a phenotypic variation in a segregating population is thus a laborious and costly task in which often a trade-off has to be made between the number of individuals to be tested and the number of replicates within a trial (Gao et al 2016 ).…”