Herein, we describe an experimental and computational approach to perform quantitative carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) cell-division tracking in cultures of primary colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) cells, a hematopoietic progenitor cell type, which is an important target for the treatment of blood disorders and for the manufacture of red blood cells. CFSE labeling of CFU-Es isolated from mouse fetal livers was performed to examine the effects of stem cell factor (SCF) and erythropoietin (EPO) in culture. We used a dynamic model of proliferation based on the Smith-Martin representation of the cell cycle to extract proliferation rates and death rates from CFSE time-series. However, we found that to accurately represent the cell population dynamics in differentiation cultures of CFU-Es, it was necessary to develop a model with generation-specific rate parameters. The generation-specific rates of proliferation and death were extracted for six generations (G 0 -G 5 ) and they revealed that, although SCF alone or EPO alone supported similar total cell outputs in culture, stimulation with EPO resulted in significantly higher proliferation rates from G 2 to G 5 and higher death rates in G 2 , G 3 , and G 5 compared with SCF. In addition, proliferation rates tended to increase from G 1 to G 5 in cultures supplemented with EPO and EPO 1 SCF, while they remained lower and more constant across generations with SCF. The results are consistent with the notion that SCF promotes CFU-E self-renewal while EPO promotes CFU-E differentiation in culture. ' 2012 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry Key terms red blood cells; carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester; cell differentiation; cell division; erythropoiesis; cell division; CFSE CARBOXYFLUORESCEIN diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) cell-division tracking is widely used to determine the number of divisions cells have undergone in cultures or in vivo. This flow cytometric assay is based on the redistribution and dilution of the CFSE fluorescent dye between mother and daughter cells during cell division, resulting in distinct fluorescence intensity for each cell generation (1-3). Originally developed for homogenous lymphocyte populations (1), Nordon et al. (4) extended this approach to track the divisions of primary hematopoietic progenitor cell populations that are composed of multiple cell subsets (5-7). Qualitative examination of flow cytometric histograms of CFSE fluorescence is useful but does not allow a complete interpretation of time-series experiments. However, quantitative CFSE celldivision tracking consists of using computational tools and a working model of the dynamics of cell division to extract parameters that characterize the rates of cell activation, proliferation, and death from CFSE labeling experiments (8-13).The ''transition probability'' model of the cell cycle developed by Smith and Martin (14) has been useful to develop mathematical models to extract proliferation rates from CFSE data (8-10,13,15,...