Multicellular Bioprinting of Biomimetic Inks for Tendon‐to‐Bone Regeneration

Abstract

Tendon‐to‐bone interface has a hierarchical structure and gradient component that are conducive to distributing the stresses to achieve movement. Conventional biomaterials lack the capacity to induce synchronous repair of multiple tissues, resulting in the failure of the interface repair. Biomimetic strategies have attracted enormous attention in the field of complex structure regeneration because they can meet the different physiological requirements of multiple tissues. Herein, a biomimetic ink mimicking tendon/bone tissues is developed by combining tendon/bone‐related cells and Mo‐containing silicate (MS) bioceramics. Subsequently, biomimetic multicellular scaffolds are fabricated to achieve the simulation of the hierarchical structure and cellular composition of tendon‐to‐bone interfaces by the spatial distribution of the biomimetic inks via 3D bioprinting, which is of great significance for inducing the regeneration of complex structures in the interface region. In addition, attributed to the desirable ionic microenvironment created by MS bioceramics, the biomimetic scaffolds possess the dual function of inducing tendon/bone‐related cells tenogenic and osteogenic differentiation in vitro, and promote the integrated regeneration of tendon‐to‐bone interfaces in vivo. The study offers a feasible strategy to construct biomimetic multicellular scaffolds with bifunction for inducing multi‐lineage tissue regeneration, especially for regenerating soft‐to‐hard tissue interfaces.

Instant trachea reconstruction using 3D-bioprinted C-shape biomimetic trachea based on tissue-specific matrix hydrogels

“…Currently, multicellular 3D-bioprinting technique has emerged as an attractive strategy to construct heterogeneous biomimetic trachea with native-like tissue architecture [ [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] ]. To date, there is still limited breakthrough to realize segmental trachea reconstruction using 3D-bioprinted biomimetic trachea.…”

Therapeutic Potential of Exosomes in Tendon and Tendon–Bone Healing: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies

“…Exosomes promoted the expression of Scx and SOX-9 [ 77 , 86 , 87 ], which were reported to regulate the differentiation of progenitor cells and promote the establishment of cell phenotype gradients of the tendon–bone interface [ 22 , 129 ]. Multiple studies have reported that the hedgehog proteins and the hedgehog signaling pathway played a significant role in the reconstruction of the tendon–bone interface gradient [ 130 , 131 , 132 ]. However, no studies have reported whether there is a regulatory relationship between exosomes and hedgehog proteins.…”

Hierarchically structured biomaterials for tissue regeneration

“…Thus, biomaterials with hierarchical structures are widely developed for repairing the tendon-to-bone interface. A biomimetic nanofiber scaffold was successfully constructed to simulate the microstructure of the tendonbone interface [154] . The curly microstructure mimicked the natural tendon-bone interface ECM, promoting cartilage generation at the interface area.…”