Background Context
Systematic reviews of lumbar fusion outcomes in purely workers’ compensation (WC) patient populations have indicated mixed results for efficacy. Recent studies on lumbar fusions in the WC setting have reported return-to-work rates of 26–36%, re-operation rates of 22–27%, and high rates of persistent opioid use two years post-surgery. Other types of lumbar surgery in WC populations are also acknowledged to have poorer outcomes than in non-WC. The possibility of improving outcomes by employing a biopsychosocial model with a continuum of care, including post-operative functional restoration in this “at risk” population, has been suggested as a possible solution.
Purpose
To compare objective socioeconomic and patient-reported outcomes for WC patients with different lumbar surgeries followed by functional restoration, relative to matched comparison patients without surgery.
Study Design/Setting
A prospective cohort study of chronic disabling occupational lumbar spinal disorder (CDOLD) patients with WC claims treated in an interdisciplinary functional restoration program.
Patient Sample
A consecutive cohort of 564 patients with pre-rehab surgery completed an functional restoration and was divided into groups based on surgery type: lumbar fusion (F group, n = 331) and non-fusion lumbar spine surgery (NF group, n = 233). An unoperated comparison group was matched for length of disability (U group, n = 349).
Outcome Measures
Validated patient-reported measures of pain, disability and depression were administered PRE- and POST-rehab. Socioeconomic outcomes were collected via a structured one-year POST interview.
Methods
All patients completed an intensive, medically-supervised FRP, combining quantitatively-directed exercise progression with a multimodal disability management approach. The writing of this manuscript was supported in part by NIH Grant 1K05-MH-71892 and no conflicts of interest are noted among the authors.
Results
The F group had a longer length of disability compared to the NF and U groups (M = 31.6, 21.7, and 25.9 months, respectively, p < .001). There were relatively few statistically significant differences for any socioeconomically-relevant outcome among groups, with virtually identical POST-rehab return-to-work (F=81%, NF=84%, U=85%, p =.409). The groups differed significantly after surgery on diagnosis of major depressive disorder and opioid dependence disorder, as well as patient-reported depressive symptoms and pain intensity PRE-rehab. However, no significant differences in patient-reported outcomes were found POST-rehab. PRE-rehab opioid dependence disorder significantly predicted lower rates of work return and work retention, as well as higher rates of treatment-seeking behavior. Higher levels of PRE-rehab perceived disability and depressive symptoms were significant risk factors for poorer work return and retention outcomes.
Conclusions
Lumbar surgery in the WC system (particularly lumbar fusion) have the potential achieve positive outcomes that are comparable t...