Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter

Abstract

Emergence and spread of Acinetobacter species, resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents, is an area of great concern. It is now being frequently associated with healthcare associated infections. Literature was searched at PUBMED, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library, using the terms ‘Acinetobacter Resistance, multidrug resistant (MDR), Antimicrobial Therapy, Outbreak, Colistin, Tigecycline, AmpC enzymes, and carbapenemases in various combinations. The terms such as MDR, Extensively Drug Resistant (XDR), and Pan Drug Resistant (PDR) have been used in published literature with varied definitions, leading to confusion in the correlation of data from various studies. In this review various mechanisms of resistance in the Acinetobacter species have been discussed. The review also probes upon the current therapeutic options, including combination therapies available to treat infections due to resistant Acinetobacter species in adults as well as children. There is an urgent need to enforce infection control measures and antimicrobial stewardship programs to prevent the further spread of these resistant Acinetobacter species and to delay the emergence of increased resistance in the bacteria.

Comparison of Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Analysis with Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis Typing of Acinetobacter baumannii in China

“…The susceptibility tests were performed using Etest on Mueller-Hinton agar, and the results were evaluated using the CLSI breakpoints for microdilution methods (15). A strain resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents-all penicillins and cephalosporins (including inhibitor combinations), fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides-was called multidrug resistant (MDR) (16). An MDR strain also resistant to imipenem was called extensively drug resistant (XDR) (16).…”

“…A strain resistant to at least three classes of antimicrobial agents-all penicillins and cephalosporins (including inhibitor combinations), fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides-was called multidrug resistant (MDR) (16). An MDR strain also resistant to imipenem was called extensively drug resistant (XDR) (16). All the outbreakassociated isolates were multidrug resistant (47 XDR and 7 MDR); in contrast, 67.6% of the non-outbreak-associated isolates were multidrug resistant (43 XDR and 3 MDR, out of 68 isolates), as shown in Fig.…”

A Study of Incidence and Microbiological Profile of Ventilator Associated Tracheobronchitis (VAT) in a Tertiary Care Hospital

“…It is a virulent bacteria and very resistant to adverse conditions and is an emerging pathogen of nosocomial infections, particularly patients admitted in the ICU and on mechanical ventilation (Manchanda et al, 2010) (Table 1- (Babu et al, 2011).…”

Incidence of Antibiotic Resistance Bacteria in Jeddah's Ministry of Health Hospitals, Saudi Arabia

“…The emergence of extended resistant Acinetobacter spp. was rapidly spreading to even newer antimicrobials and they acquired resistance faster than other Gram-negative organisms due to their ease of survival in the hospital environment, their immense potential to cause nosocomial outbreaks and their biofilm forming ability which played a crucial role in their in-vitro and in-vivo survival [20]. This study showed that ≥66% of A. bumannii isolates were resistant to almost all tested antibiotics and this clearly indicated how problematic to have patients infected with this organism and the minimal chances available to find proper treatment.…”