Multifaceted Defense against Antagonistic Microbes in Developing Offspring of the Parasitoid Wasp Ampulex compressa (Hymenoptera, Ampulicidae)

Abstract

Effective antimicrobial strategies are essential adaptations of insects to protect themselves, their offspring, and their foods from microbial pathogens and decomposers. Larvae of the emerald cockroach wasp, Ampulex compressa, sanitize their cockroach hosts, Periplaneta americana, with a cocktail of nine antimicrobials comprising mainly (R)-(-)-mellein and micromolide. The blend of these antimicrobials has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Here we explore the spatio-temporal pattern of deployment of antimicrobials during the development from egg to adult as well as their physico-chemical properties to assess how these aspects may contribute to the success of the antimicrobial strategy. Using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) we show that larvae start sanitizing their food as soon as they have entered their host to feed on its tissue. Subsequently, they impregnate the cockroach carcass with antimicrobials to create a hygienic substrate for cocoon spinning inside the host. Finally, the antimicrobials are incorporated into the cocoon. The antimicrobial profiles on cockroach and wasp cocoon differed markedly. While micromolide persisted on the cockroaches until emergence of the wasps, solid-phase microextraction sampling and GC/MS analysis revealed that (R)-(-)-mellein vaporized from the cockroaches and accumulated in the enclosed nest. In microbial challenge assays (R)-(-)-mellein in the headspace of parasitized cockroaches inhibited growth of entomopathogenic and opportunistic microbes (Serratia marcescens, Aspergillus sydowii, Metarhizium brunneum). We conclude that, in addition to food sanitation, A. compressa larvae enclose themselves in two defensive walls by impregnating the cocoon and the cockroach cuticle with antimicrobials. On top of that, they use vaporous (R)-(-)-mellein to sanitize the nest by fumigation. This multifaceted antimicrobial defense strategy involving the spatially and temporally coordinated deployment of several antimicrobials in solution and vapor form has apparently evolved to reliably protect the larvae themselves and their food against a broad range of antagonistic microbes.

Passive vectoring of entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana among the wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae by the ectoparasitoid Habrobracon hebetor females

“…It's known that parasitoid larvae (e.g., Ampulex compressa (Fabr.) and Eulophus pennicornis [Nees]) egest cocktail of an antimicrobial compounds into the host's body to prevent bacterial and fungal infections (Richards, ; Weiss et al ., ). Knowledge about the antimicrobial activity of the ectoparasitoid larvae are negligibly small.…”

Hydrocarbon and Fatty Acid Composition from Blowfly Eggs Represents a Potential Complementary Taxonomic Tool of Forensic Importance,

“…Identification of compounds was determined employing the calculated retention index (RI) using a standard of linear alkanes C 7 –C 40 (>98%) in comparison with the indexes of the literature , interpretation of the mass spectra of the samples, and comparison with the databases (NIST21 and WILEY229).…”

Nitric oxide radicals are emitted by wasp eggs to kill mold fungi

“…Females of some insect species deposit antimicrobial chemicals (Vander Meer and Morel, 1995; Marchini et al, 1997) or antibiotics producing symbiotic bacteria (Flórez et al, 2017; Flórez et al, 2015) onto their eggs and ant workers can counter microbial infestation of the brood by applying venom (Tragust et al, 2013). Recently, the employment of volatile antimicrobials by insects as a means of external defense has gathered some interest (Gross et al, 2008; Gross and Schmidtberg, 2009; Weiss et al, 2014; Lopes et al, 2015).…”