Multifunctional metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapy: from single to combination therapy

Abstract

Cancer remains a severe threat to human health. To date, although various therapeutic methods, including radiotherapy (RT), chemotherapy, chemodynamic therapy (CDT), phototherapy, starvation therapy, and immunotherapy, have entered a new stage of rapid progress in cancer theranostics, their limited therapeutic effect and significant side effects need to be considered carefully. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, the marriage of nanomaterials and therapeutic methods provides the practical possibility to improve the deficiencies in cancer therapy. Notably, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) composed of ions/clusters and bridging ligands through coordination bonds have been widely applied in cancer therapy to deal with the drawbacks of different therapeutic methods, such as severe side effects, low stability, and poor efficacy, owing to their controllable morphologies, tailorable diameters, diverse compositions, tunable porosities, high specific surface areas, facile functionalization, and good biocompatibility. This review summarizes the recent advanced developments and achievements of multifunctional MOF-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapy through single therapy methods, including RT, chemotherapy, CDT, phototherapy (photodynamic and photothermal therapy), starvation therapy and immunotherapy, and combination therapy methods. Moreover, the prospects and challenges of MOF-based nanoplatforms used in tumor therapy are also discussed.

Plasmon-enhanced visible-light photocatalytic antibacterial activity of metal–organic framework/gold nanocomposites

“…[17][18][19][20][21][22] In particular, MOFs provide a versatile platform to modulate the photocatalytic performance at the molecular level by reasonably designing metal nodes and organic linkers, which is considered to be an important, competitive advantage of MOFs over traditional semiconductors. 5,23,24 However, the low light utilization and high electron-hole recombination rate lead to limited photocatalytic efficiency of MOFs. 25 Although some potential strategies, such as doping, 26 cocatalysts, 27 and functionalizing organic linkers, 28 have been proposed to address these problems, it still remains a challenge to meet the requirement of practical application, especially for photocatalytic bactericidal purposes.…”

Recent advances in nanoscale metal–organic frameworks for cancer chemodynamic therapy

“…Furthermore, due to the environmentally responsive specific degradation (such as pH responsiveness) of certain types of nMOFs, the loaded chemotherapy drugs can be released in specific TME to reduce systemic toxicity. 64 In vivo: Administration with Au/Fe MOF@CPT NPs resulted in relatively higher antitumor efficacy, the inhibition ratio was 85.6%.…”

“…Furthermore, due to the environmentally responsive specific degradation (such as pH responsiveness) of certain types of nMOFs, the loaded chemotherapy drugs can be released in specific TME to reduce systemic toxicity. 64 Despite remarkable achievements in the application of nMOFs to the delivery of chemotherapy drugs, this nanoplatform is still in the pre-clinical stage. To date, only limited studies have been reported on the dynamic process of drug loading and release kinetics for nMOFs.…”

Multifunctional Metal–Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Nanoplatforms for Crop Protection and Growth Promotion

“…With the continuous development of nanotechnology, numerous strategies have been provided for the design and construction of nanoplatforms, , which could respond to abiotic stimuli, such as pH, light, , and temperature, , and the biospecific microenvironment, including pH, , enzymes, and glutathione , for the accurate and targeted delivery of pesticides to achieve precision agriculture. In contrast to traditional organic/inorganic nanomaterials, MOFs, as a class of porous coordination crystal material, have become a new candidate for controlled delivery of pesticides in agriculture due to the tunable pore sizes, large surface area, easy modification, and unique network structure. − Additionally, different functional components, such as porphyrin molecule, polydopamine (PDA), pectin, CuS nanoparticles (CuS NPs), Fe 3 O 4 NPs, photosensitizer, and pH-jump reagents can be introduced in MOFs to achieve intelligent nanoplatforms with improved stability, stimuli responsiveness, water solubility, and high pesticides utilization and loading capacity. In this section, we summarize MOF-based nanoplatforms for crop protection, including phytopathogen control (Table ), pest management (Table ), and weed control (Table ).…”