Multifunctional nanocarriers for the treatment of periodontitis: Immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative strategies

Abstract

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease, in which the host immuno‐inflammatory response against the dysbiotic subgingival biofilm leads to the breakdown of periodontal tissues. Most of the available treatments seem to be effective in the short‐term; nevertheless, permanent periodical controls and patient compliance compromise long‐term success. Different strategies have been proposed for the modulation of the host immune response as potential therapeutic tools to take a better care of most susceptible periodontitis patients, such as drug local delivery approaches. Though, maintaining an effective drug concentration for a prolonged period of time has not been achieved yet. In this context, advanced drug delivery strategies using biodegradable nanocarriers have been proposed to avoid toxicity and frequency‐related problems of treatment. The versatility of distinct nanocarriers allows the improvement of their loading and release capabilities and could be potentially used for microbiological control, periodontal regeneration, and/or immunomodulation. In the present review, we revise and discuss the most frequent biodegradable nanocarrier strategies proposed for the treatment of periodontitis, including polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, and silica‐derived nanoparticles, and further suggest novel therapeutic strategies.

Role of Zinc-Doped Bioactive Glass Encapsulated with Microspherical Gelatin in Localized Supplementation for Tissue Regeneration: A Contemporary Review

“…Local host immunomodulation is used to arrest the pro-inflammatory axis of the immune response and increase the regulatory immune response [3]. Bioactive glass (BG) can act as both an inductive agent and a scaffold for tissue regrowth [7].…”

“…However, localized therapy often translates into the periodic use of gels or rinses, the success of which relies on patients' compliance. Ongoing attempts to overcome these limitations have been made through research focusing on the development of micro-and nanocarriers for immunomodulatory therapies [3], such as polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA), gelatin, silica, and chitosan. Local supplementation therapy has been particularly meaningful in the design of scaffolds and grafts in tissue engineering [4].…”

Interleukin‐35 inhibits alveolar bone resorption by modulating the Th17/Treg imbalance during periodontitis

“…Nowadays, advanced delivery systems have been developed to be locally used in order to prolong the permanence and effectiveness of drugs, which allow to reduce the necessity of multiple inoculations and avoid their potential cytotoxicity. Among these systems, nanocarriers composed of different polymers such as polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid (PLGA), chitosan, gelatin, or silica have been proposed for the controlled delivery of immunomodulatory therapies to deal with periodontitis (Cafferata et al, 2018). Thus, it would be interesting to analyse the effect of nanocarriers loaded with IL‐35 in the suppression of periodontitis in order to propose a more translational strategy that contributes to the immunomodulation of periodontitis.…”

Emerging Nanotechnology in Non-Surgical Periodontal Therapy in Animal Models: A Systematic Review

“…Chitosan is biologically active and has good antibacterial properties but is also toxic at high concentration. However, all have the following important characteristics: biodegradability, biocompatibility, autoregulation of drug release rate and inherently immunogenic by the ability to display multiple antigens [37].…”